Planting Design

3.

Plant Knowledge and Selection Criteria

3.1.

Plant Classification and Nomenclature

3.1.1.

Botanical Names

3.1.1.1.

Binomial Nomenclature

3.1.1.2.

Taxonomic Hierarchy

3.1.1.3.

Naming Conventions

3.1.2.

3.1.2.1.

Regional Variations

3.1.2.2.

3.1.2.3.

Standardized Common Names

3.1.3.

Genus, Species, and Cultivar

3.1.3.1.

Genus Characteristics

3.1.3.2.

Species Distinctions

3.1.3.3.

Cultivar Development

3.1.3.4.

Hybrid Classifications

3.1.4.

Plant Family Characteristics

3.1.4.1.

3.1.4.2.

Identification Features

3.1.4.3.

Horticultural Significance

3.2.

Plant Types and Functions

3.2.1.

3.2.1.1.

3.2.1.1.1.

Large Shade Trees

3.2.1.1.2.

Forest Canopy Species

3.2.1.1.3.

Urban Canopy Trees

3.2.1.2.

3.2.1.2.1.

Dense Canopy Types

3.2.1.2.2.

Filtered Shade Providers

3.2.1.2.3.

Seasonal Shade Variations

3.2.1.3.

Understory Trees

3.2.1.3.1.

Small Flowering Trees

3.2.1.3.2.

Multi-stem Trees

3.2.1.3.3.

Woodland Species

3.2.1.4.

Ornamental Trees

3.2.1.4.1.

Flowering Trees

3.2.1.4.2.

3.2.1.4.3.

3.2.1.5.

Evergreen Trees

3.2.1.5.1.

Coniferous Trees

3.2.1.5.2.

Broadleaf Evergreens

3.2.1.5.3.

Needle-bearing Species

3.2.1.6.

Deciduous Trees

3.2.1.6.1.

Spring Flowering

3.2.1.6.2.

Fall Color Trees

3.2.1.6.3.

Winter Interest Trees

3.2.2.

3.2.2.1.

Foundation Plantings

3.2.2.1.1.

Low-growing Shrubs

3.2.2.1.2.

Medium-height Shrubs

3.2.2.1.3.

Architectural Compatibility

3.2.2.2.

3.2.2.2.1.

3.2.2.2.2.

Informal Hedges

3.2.2.2.3.

Screening Hedges

3.2.2.3.

3.2.2.3.1.

Privacy Screens

3.2.2.3.2.

3.2.2.3.3.

Visual Barriers

3.2.2.4.

Specimen Shrubs

3.2.2.4.1.

Flowering Specimens

3.2.2.4.2.

Foliage Specimens

3.2.2.4.3.

Architectural Forms

3.2.2.5.

Evergreen Shrubs

3.2.2.5.1.

Needle Evergreens

3.2.2.5.2.

Broadleaf Evergreens

3.2.2.5.3.

Year-round Structure

3.2.2.6.

Deciduous Shrubs

3.2.2.6.1.

Spring Bloomers

3.2.2.6.2.

Summer Bloomers

3.2.2.6.3.

Fall Color Shrubs

3.2.3.

Perennials and Herbaceous Plants

3.2.3.1.

Flowering Perennials

3.2.3.1.1.

Spring Perennials

3.2.3.1.2.

Summer Perennials

3.2.3.1.3.

Fall Perennials

3.2.3.1.4.

Long-blooming Varieties

3.2.3.2.

Ornamental Grasses

3.2.3.2.1.

Cool-season Grasses

3.2.3.2.2.

Warm-season Grasses

3.2.3.2.3.

Clumping Grasses

3.2.3.2.4.

Running Grasses

3.2.3.3.

Sedges and Rushes

3.2.3.3.1.

Moisture-loving Sedges

3.2.3.3.2.

Dry-tolerant Sedges

3.2.3.3.3.

Ornamental Rushes

3.2.3.4.

3.2.3.4.1.

3.2.3.4.2.

Moisture-loving Ferns

3.2.3.4.3.

Architectural Ferns

3.2.3.5.

3.2.3.5.1.

Spreading Groundcovers

3.2.3.5.2.

Clumping Groundcovers

3.2.3.5.3.

Flowering Groundcovers

3.2.3.5.4.

Evergreen Groundcovers

3.2.4.

Vines and Climbers

3.2.4.1.

Self-clinging Vines

3.2.4.1.1.

Adhesive Disk Climbers

3.2.4.1.2.

Aerial Root Climbers

3.2.4.1.3.

Tendril Climbers

3.2.4.2.

3.2.4.2.1.

3.2.4.2.2.

3.2.4.2.3.

Support Requirements

3.2.4.3.

3.2.4.3.1.

Large-flowered Climbers

3.2.4.3.2.

3.2.4.3.3.

3.2.5.

Bulbs, Corms, and Tubers

3.2.5.1.

Spring-flowering Bulbs

3.2.5.1.1.

Early Spring Bulbs

3.2.5.1.2.

Mid-spring Bulbs

3.2.5.1.3.

Late Spring Bulbs

3.2.5.2.

Summer-flowering Bulbs

3.2.5.2.1.

Heat-loving Bulbs

3.2.5.2.2.

Moisture-loving Bulbs

3.2.5.2.3.

Shade-tolerant Bulbs

3.2.5.3.

Fall-flowering Bulbs

3.2.5.3.1.

Autumn Crocuses

3.2.5.3.2.

Fall-planted Bulbs

3.2.5.3.3.

Naturalized Bulbs

3.2.6.

Annuals and Biennials

3.2.6.1.

3.2.6.1.1.

Cool-season Annuals

3.2.6.1.2.

Warm-season Annuals

3.2.6.1.3.

Continuous Bloomers

3.2.6.2.

Seasonal Displays

3.2.6.2.1.

Spring Displays

3.2.6.2.2.

Summer Displays

3.2.6.2.3.

3.3.

Aesthetic Characteristics of Plants

3.3.1.

3.3.1.1.

3.3.1.1.1.

Narrow Upright Forms

3.3.1.1.2.

Fastigiate Growth

3.3.1.1.3.

Vertical Emphasis

3.3.1.2.

3.3.1.2.1.

Horizontal Growth

3.3.1.2.2.

3.3.1.2.3.

Ground-hugging Forms

3.3.1.3.

3.3.1.3.1.

Pendulous Branches

3.3.1.3.2.

Cascading Forms

3.3.1.3.3.

Graceful Habits

3.3.1.4.

3.3.1.4.1.

Globe-shaped Forms

3.3.1.4.2.

3.3.1.4.3.

Symmetrical Growth

3.3.1.5.

3.3.1.5.1.

Vertical Growth

3.3.1.5.2.

3.3.1.5.3.

Architectural Forms

3.3.1.6.

3.3.1.6.1.

Low Mounded Forms

3.3.1.6.2.

Cushion-like Growth

3.3.1.6.3.

3.3.2.

3.3.2.1.

3.3.2.1.1.

3.3.2.1.2.

3.3.2.1.3.

Strong Visual Impact

3.3.2.2.

3.3.2.2.1.

Moderate Leaf Size

3.3.2.2.2.

Balanced Features

3.3.2.2.3.

Versatile Applications

3.3.2.3.

3.3.2.3.1.

3.3.2.3.2.

Delicate Features

3.3.2.3.3.

Refined Appearance

3.3.2.4.

Foliage Texture

3.3.2.4.1.

Leaf Surface Quality

3.3.2.4.2.

Leaf Shape Effects

3.3.2.4.3.

Seasonal Changes

3.3.2.5.

3.3.2.5.1.

3.3.2.5.2.

3.3.2.5.3.

Exfoliating Bark

3.3.2.6.

3.3.2.6.1.

3.3.2.6.2.

3.3.2.6.3.

Cluster Arrangements

3.3.3.

Color Theory in the Garden

3.3.3.1.

Principles of Color Theory

3.3.3.1.1.

Color Wheel Applications

3.3.3.1.2.

3.3.3.1.3.

Secondary Colors

3.3.3.1.4.

Tertiary Colors

3.3.3.2.

Seasonal Color Interest

3.3.3.2.1.

3.3.3.2.2.

3.3.3.2.3.

3.3.3.2.4.

3.3.3.3.

3.3.3.3.1.

Green Variations

3.3.3.3.2.

Variegated Foliage

3.3.3.3.3.

Colored Foliage

3.3.3.3.4.

Seasonal Changes

3.3.3.4.

3.3.3.4.1.

3.3.3.4.2.

Bicolored Flowers

3.3.3.4.3.

Color Progressions

3.3.3.4.4.

3.3.3.5.

Bark and Stem Color

3.3.3.5.1.

3.3.3.5.2.

3.3.3.5.3.

Winter Interest

3.3.3.6.

Color Harmonies

3.3.3.6.1.

Monochromatic Schemes

3.3.3.6.2.

Analogous Schemes

3.3.3.6.3.

Complementary Schemes

3.3.3.6.4.

Triadic Schemes

3.3.3.7.

Color Contrasts

3.3.3.7.1.

3.3.3.7.2.

Subtle Contrast

3.3.3.7.3.

Temperature Contrasts

3.3.4.

Light and Shadow Effects

3.3.4.1.

3.3.4.1.1.

3.3.4.1.2.

3.3.4.1.3.

3.3.4.2.

3.3.4.2.1.

Translucent Effects

3.3.4.2.2.

3.3.4.2.3.

Dramatic Effects

3.3.4.3.

3.3.4.3.1.

3.3.4.3.2.

3.3.4.3.3.

Contrast Effects

3.4.

Horticultural and Ecological Criteria

3.4.1.

Site Suitability

3.4.1.1.

Matching Plant to Site Conditions

3.4.1.1.1.

Environmental Matching

3.4.1.1.2.

Stress Tolerance

3.4.1.1.3.

Adaptation Potential

3.4.2.

3.4.2.1.

Fast-growing Species

3.4.2.2.

Moderate Growth

3.4.2.3.

Slow-growing Species

3.4.2.4.

Growth Pattern Variations

3.4.3.

3.4.3.1.

Height Projections

3.4.3.2.

Spread Projections

3.4.3.3.

Size Management

3.4.4.

Water Requirements

3.4.4.1.

Drought Tolerance

3.4.4.1.1.

Xerophytic Adaptations

3.4.4.1.2.

Water Storage Mechanisms

3.4.4.1.3.

Drought Survival Strategies

3.4.4.2.

3.4.4.2.1.

Consistent Moisture

3.4.4.2.2.

Seasonal Water Needs

3.4.4.2.3.

Irrigation Requirements

3.4.5.

Light Requirements

3.4.5.1.

3.4.5.1.1.

High Light Needs

3.4.5.1.2.

3.4.5.1.3.

Sun Adaptations

3.4.5.2.

3.4.5.2.1.

3.4.5.2.2.

3.4.5.2.3.

Afternoon Shade

3.4.5.3.

3.4.5.3.1.

Low Light Tolerance

3.4.5.3.2.

Shade Adaptations

3.4.5.3.3.

Deep Shade Conditions

3.4.6.

Soil Preferences

3.4.6.1.

3.4.6.1.1.

Acid-loving Plants

3.4.6.1.2.

Alkaline-tolerant Plants

3.4.6.1.3.

pH Adaptability

3.4.6.2.

3.4.6.2.1.

Well-drained Soils

3.4.6.2.2.

Moisture-retentive Soils

3.4.6.2.3.

Wet Soil Tolerance

3.4.7.

Pest and Disease Resistance

3.4.7.1.

Natural Resistance

3.4.7.2.

Susceptible Species

3.4.7.3.

Integrated Management

3.4.8.

Maintenance Needs

3.4.8.1.

Pruning Requirements

3.4.8.1.1.

Pruning Frequency

3.4.8.1.2.

Pruning Techniques

3.4.8.1.3.

Timing Considerations

3.4.8.2.

Deadheading and Cleanup

3.4.8.2.1.

3.4.8.2.2.

3.4.8.2.3.

Seasonal Maintenance

3.4.9.

3.4.9.1.

Attracting Pollinators

3.4.9.1.1.

3.4.9.1.2.

Butterfly Plants

3.4.9.1.3.

Hummingbird Plants

3.4.9.2.

Providing Habitat

3.4.9.2.1.

3.4.9.2.2.

3.4.9.2.3.

Shelter Provision

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4. Principles of Planting Composition