Petrophysics and Geochemistry

2.

Fundamental Rock Properties

2.1.

2.1.1.

Definition and Physical Meaning

2.1.2.

Importance in Reservoir Quality

2.1.3.

Types of Porosity

2.1.3.1.

Primary Porosity

2.1.3.2.

Secondary Porosity

2.1.3.3.

Intergranular Porosity

2.1.3.4.

Intragranular Porosity

2.1.3.5.

Fracture Porosity

2.1.3.6.

2.1.3.7.

2.1.4.

Porosity Classification Systems

2.1.4.1.

Absolute Porosity

2.1.4.2.

Effective Porosity

2.1.4.3.

Connected Porosity

2.1.4.4.

Isolated Porosity

2.1.5.

Factors Controlling Porosity

2.1.5.1.

Depositional Environment

2.1.5.2.

Grain Size and Sorting

2.1.5.3.

Diagenetic Processes

2.1.6.

Methods of Porosity Measurement

2.1.6.1.

Helium Porosimetry

2.1.6.2.

Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry

2.1.6.3.

2.1.6.4.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

2.2.

2.2.1.

Definition and Significance

2.2.2.

Darcy's Law and Applications

2.2.3.

Types of Permeability

2.2.3.1.

Absolute Permeability

2.2.3.2.

Effective Permeability

2.2.3.3.

Relative Permeability

2.2.4.

Factors Affecting Permeability

2.2.4.1.

Pore Throat Size Distribution

2.2.4.2.

Pore Connectivity

2.2.4.3.

Clay Content and Distribution

2.2.4.4.

Fracture Networks

2.2.5.

Anisotropy and Heterogeneity

2.2.5.1.

Horizontal vs Vertical Permeability

2.2.5.2.

Layered Systems

2.2.5.3.

Fractured Systems

2.2.6.

Measurement Techniques

2.2.6.1.

Gas Permeametry

2.2.6.2.

Liquid Permeametry

2.2.6.3.

Steady-State Methods

2.2.6.4.

Unsteady-State Methods

2.2.7.

Permeability-Porosity Relationships

2.2.7.1.

Kozeny-Carman Equation

2.2.7.2.

Empirical Correlations

2.3.

Fluid Saturation

2.3.1.

Definition and Concepts

2.3.2.

Types of Saturation

2.3.2.1.

Water Saturation

2.3.2.2.

2.3.2.3.

2.3.3.

Critical Saturations

2.3.3.1.

Irreducible Water Saturation

2.3.3.2.

Residual Oil Saturation

2.3.3.3.

Residual Gas Saturation

2.3.3.4.

Critical Gas Saturation

2.3.4.

Movable Hydrocarbons

2.3.5.

Methods for Determining Saturation

2.3.5.1.

Dean-Stark Extraction

2.3.5.2.

2.3.5.3.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

2.3.5.4.

Well Log Analysis

2.4.

Electrical Properties

2.4.1.

Electrical Resistivity and Conductivity

2.4.2.

Formation Resistivity Factor

2.4.3.

Resistivity Index

2.4.4.

Cementation Exponent

2.4.5.

Saturation Exponent

2.4.6.

2.4.6.1.

Assumptions and Limitations

2.4.6.2.

Modified Archie Equations

2.4.7.

Influence of Clay Content

2.4.8.

Influence of Salinity

2.4.9.

Temperature Effects

2.4.10.

Frequency Effects

2.5.

Capillary Properties

2.5.1.

Interfacial Tension

2.5.1.1.

Oil-Water Systems

2.5.1.2.

Gas-Oil Systems

2.5.1.3.

Temperature and Pressure Effects

2.5.2.

Capillary Pressure

2.5.2.1.

Definition and Physical Meaning

2.5.2.2.

Capillary Pressure Curves

2.5.2.3.

Measurement Methods

2.5.2.3.1.

Centrifuge Method

2.5.2.3.2.

Porous Plate Method

2.5.2.3.3.

Mercury Injection Method

2.5.3.

2.5.3.1.

Definition and Importance

2.5.3.2.

Water-Wet Systems

2.5.3.3.

Oil-Wet Systems

2.5.3.4.

Mixed-Wet Systems

2.5.3.5.

Fractional Wettability

2.5.3.6.

Measurement of Wettability

2.5.3.6.1.

Contact Angle Method

2.5.3.6.2.

Amott-Harvey Method

2.5.3.6.3.

2.5.4.

Height Above Free Water Level

2.5.5.

Impact on Hydrocarbon Distribution

2.5.6.

Leverett J-Function

2.6.

Nuclear Properties

2.6.1.

2.6.2.

2.6.3.

Neutron Porosity

2.6.4.

Photoelectric Factor

2.6.5.

Natural Gamma Radiation

2.6.5.1.

Total Gamma Ray

2.6.5.2.

Spectral Gamma Ray

2.6.6.

Applications in Well Logging

2.6.7.

Environmental Corrections

2.7.

Acoustic Properties

2.7.1.

Compressional Wave Velocity

2.7.2.

Shear Wave Velocity

2.7.3.

Acoustic Impedance

2.7.4.

Velocity-Porosity Relationships

2.7.4.1.

Wyllie Time Average

2.7.4.2.

Raymer-Hunt-Gardner

2.7.5.

Applications in Seismic Interpretation

2.7.6.

Rock Physics Models

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1. Introduction to Petrophysics and Geochemistry

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3. Geochemical Composition of Reservoir Rocks