Ore Deposits and Economic Geology

Ore deposits and economic geology is the applied field of Earth science concerned with the distribution and formation of valuable mineral resources. It investigates the geological processes—including magmatic, hydrothermal, sedimentary, and metamorphic activities—that concentrate metals and other useful minerals into deposits that are economically viable to extract. This discipline combines principles of geochemistry, structural geology, and mineralogy to locate, evaluate, and manage the Earth's finite mineral wealth, which is fundamental to global industry and infrastructure.

1. Introduction to Economic Geology
   1. Definition and Scope
      1. Economic Geology vs. Ore Deposits
      2. Role of the Economic Geologist
      3. Interdisciplinary Nature of Economic Geology
      4. Relationship to Other Earth Sciences
   2. Historical Development of Economic Geology
      1. Ancient Mining and Metallurgy
      2. Mineral Resources in Industrial Revolutions
      3. Modern Economic Development and Minerals
      4. Evolution of Geological Understanding
   3. Fundamental Terminology
      1. Ore and Gangue
      2. Grade and Cut-off Grade
      3. Tenor
      4. Mineral Resource vs. Mineral Reserve
      5. By-products and Co-products
      6. Payability and Pay Limits
      7. Stripping Ratio
      8. Dilution and Mining Recovery
   4. The Global Minerals Industry
      1. Major Commodity Groups
         1. Base Metals
         2. Precious Metals
         3. Industrial Minerals
         4. Energy Minerals
         5. Rare Earth Elements
      2. Supply and Demand Dynamics
         1. Global Production Trends
         2. Consumption Patterns
         3. Price Fluctuations
         4. Market Cycles
      3. Strategic Minerals and Critical Materials
         1. Critical Raw Materials
         2. Geopolitical Considerations
         3. Resource Nationalism
         4. Supply Chain Security