Oceanography

  1. Applied Oceanography and Human Impact
    1. Ocean and Climate
      1. Ocean's Role in Heat Transport
        1. Latitudinal Heat Redistribution
          1. Ocean-Atmosphere Heat Exchange
            1. Seasonal Heat Storage
            2. El Niño-Southern Oscillation
              1. ENSO Mechanisms
                1. El Niño Phase
                  1. La Niña Phase
                    1. Global Climate Impacts
                      1. Teleconnections
                      2. Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions
                        1. Monsoon Systems
                          1. Hurricane Formation
                            1. Cyclone Development
                              1. Feedback Mechanisms
                              2. Sea Level Change
                                1. Thermal Expansion
                                  1. Ice Sheet Melting
                                    1. Glacier Melting
                                      1. Regional Variability
                                        1. Coastal Impacts
                                      2. Marine Resources
                                        1. Fisheries and Aquaculture
                                          1. Wild Capture Fisheries
                                            1. Commercial Fishing Methods
                                              1. Stock Assessment
                                              2. Aquaculture
                                                1. Finfish Farming
                                                  1. Shellfish Farming
                                                    1. Seaweed Cultivation
                                                    2. Sustainability Issues
                                                      1. Overfishing
                                                        1. Fishing Quotas
                                                          1. Marine Protected Areas
                                                        2. Mineral Resources
                                                          1. Offshore Oil and Gas
                                                            1. Exploration Methods
                                                              1. Extraction Techniques
                                                                1. Environmental Considerations
                                                                2. Deep-Sea Mining
                                                                  1. Manganese Nodules
                                                                    1. Polymetallic Sulfides
                                                                      1. Cobalt-Rich Crusts
                                                                      2. Sand and Gravel Extraction
                                                                        1. Coastal Mining
                                                                          1. Environmental Impacts
                                                                        2. Ocean Energy
                                                                          1. Wave Energy
                                                                            1. Wave Energy Converters
                                                                              1. Technology Applications
                                                                              2. Tidal Energy
                                                                                1. Tidal Barrages
                                                                                  1. Tidal Turbines
                                                                                    1. Environmental Considerations
                                                                                    2. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
                                                                                      1. OTEC Principles
                                                                                        1. Technical Challenges
                                                                                          1. Potential Applications
                                                                                      2. Marine Pollution
                                                                                        1. Sources of Pollution
                                                                                          1. Land-Based Sources
                                                                                            1. River Input
                                                                                              1. Coastal Runoff
                                                                                                1. Atmospheric Deposition
                                                                                                2. Ocean-Based Sources
                                                                                                  1. Shipping
                                                                                                    1. Offshore Activities
                                                                                                      1. Marine Dumping
                                                                                                    2. Plastic Pollution
                                                                                                      1. Sources and Pathways
                                                                                                        1. Microplastics
                                                                                                          1. Distribution Patterns
                                                                                                            1. Ecological Impacts
                                                                                                              1. Marine Food Chain Effects
                                                                                                              2. Oil Pollution
                                                                                                                1. Oil Spill Causes
                                                                                                                  1. Spill Response Methods
                                                                                                                    1. Environmental Effects
                                                                                                                      1. Long-Term Impacts
                                                                                                                      2. Chemical Pollutants
                                                                                                                        1. Persistent Organic Pollutants
                                                                                                                          1. Heavy Metals
                                                                                                                            1. Mercury
                                                                                                                              1. Lead
                                                                                                                                1. Cadmium
                                                                                                                                2. Pesticides and Herbicides
                                                                                                                                3. Nutrient Pollution
                                                                                                                                  1. Agricultural Runoff
                                                                                                                                    1. Urban Runoff
                                                                                                                                      1. Eutrophication
                                                                                                                                        1. Hypoxic Zones
                                                                                                                                          1. Dead Zones
                                                                                                                                        2. Oceanographic Tools and Technology
                                                                                                                                          1. Research Vessels
                                                                                                                                            1. Vessel Types
                                                                                                                                              1. Onboard Laboratories
                                                                                                                                                1. Sampling Equipment
                                                                                                                                                2. Remote Sensing
                                                                                                                                                  1. Satellite Oceanography
                                                                                                                                                    1. Sea Surface Temperature
                                                                                                                                                      1. Ocean Color
                                                                                                                                                        1. Sea Surface Height
                                                                                                                                                          1. Wind Speed and Direction
                                                                                                                                                          2. Aircraft-Based Sensing
                                                                                                                                                          3. In-Situ Observation Systems
                                                                                                                                                            1. Moored Buoys
                                                                                                                                                              1. Data Collection
                                                                                                                                                                1. Telemetry Systems
                                                                                                                                                                2. Drifting Buoys
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Lagrangian Measurements
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Autonomous Underwater Vehicles
                                                                                                                                                                    1. AUV Applications
                                                                                                                                                                    2. Remotely Operated Vehicles
                                                                                                                                                                      1. ROV Capabilities
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Deep-Sea Operations
                                                                                                                                                                        2. Gliders
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Autonomous Profiling
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Long-Duration Missions
                                                                                                                                                                          2. Acoustic Methods
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Echo Sounding
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Bathymetry Mapping
                                                                                                                                                                              2. Side-Scan Sonar
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Seafloor Imaging
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Sub-Bottom Profiling
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Sediment Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Current Measurements

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                                                                                                                                                                              5. Biological Oceanography

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                                                                                                                                                                              1. Introduction to Oceanography