Oceanography

  1. Physical Oceanography
    1. Properties of Seawater
      1. Temperature
        1. Solar Radiation and Heat Budget
          1. Absorption of Solar Energy
            1. Reflection and Albedo
              1. Seasonal Variations
                1. Latitudinal Variations
                2. Temperature Distribution
                  1. Surface Temperature Patterns
                    1. Vertical Temperature Profiles
                      1. Seasonal Temperature Changes
                      2. Thermocline
                        1. Seasonal Thermocline
                          1. Permanent Thermocline
                            1. Mixed Layer
                          2. Salinity
                            1. Definition and Measurement
                              1. Practical Salinity Units
                                1. Conductivity-Temperature-Depth Instruments
                                2. Sources of Sea Salts
                                  1. Weathering of Rocks
                                    1. Volcanic Activity
                                      1. Hydrothermal Vents
                                        1. Atmospheric Input
                                        2. Salinity Distribution
                                          1. Surface Salinity Patterns
                                            1. Vertical Salinity Profiles
                                              1. Regional Variations
                                              2. Halocline
                                                1. Formation Mechanisms
                                                  1. Significance for Ocean Stratification
                                                2. Density
                                                  1. Relationship between Temperature, Salinity, and Density
                                                    1. Equation of State for Seawater
                                                      1. Density Anomalies
                                                      2. Pycnocline
                                                        1. Vertical Density Gradients
                                                          1. Stability and Mixing
                                                          2. Water Mass Formation
                                                            1. Identification of Water Masses
                                                              1. Mixing Processes
                                                                1. Water Mass Characteristics
                                                              2. Light in the Ocean
                                                                1. Light Penetration and Attenuation
                                                                  1. Absorption Processes
                                                                    1. Scattering Processes
                                                                      1. Wavelength-Dependent Attenuation
                                                                      2. Depth Zones
                                                                        1. Euphotic Zone
                                                                          1. Disphotic Zone
                                                                            1. Aphotic Zone
                                                                            2. Biological Significance of Light
                                                                            3. Sound in the Ocean
                                                                              1. Sound Propagation
                                                                                1. Speed of Sound in Seawater
                                                                                  1. Factors Affecting Sound Transmission
                                                                                  2. SOFAR Channel
                                                                                    1. Sound Channel Characteristics
                                                                                      1. Applications in Oceanography
                                                                                        1. Marine Mammal Communication
                                                                                    2. Ocean Circulation
                                                                                      1. Surface Circulation
                                                                                        1. Driving Forces
                                                                                          1. Global Wind Patterns
                                                                                            1. Coriolis Effect
                                                                                              1. Pressure Gradients
                                                                                              2. Major Gyre Systems
                                                                                                1. North Atlantic Gyre
                                                                                                  1. South Atlantic Gyre
                                                                                                    1. North Pacific Gyre
                                                                                                      1. South Pacific Gyre
                                                                                                        1. Indian Ocean Gyre
                                                                                                        2. Western Boundary Currents
                                                                                                          1. Gulf Stream
                                                                                                            1. Kuroshio Current
                                                                                                              1. Brazil Current
                                                                                                                1. Agulhas Current
                                                                                                                2. Eastern Boundary Currents
                                                                                                                  1. California Current
                                                                                                                    1. Canary Current
                                                                                                                      1. Benguela Current
                                                                                                                        1. Peru Current
                                                                                                                        2. Equatorial Currents
                                                                                                                          1. North Equatorial Current
                                                                                                                            1. South Equatorial Current
                                                                                                                              1. Equatorial Countercurrent
                                                                                                                                1. Equatorial Undercurrent
                                                                                                                                2. Ekman Transport
                                                                                                                                  1. Ekman Spiral
                                                                                                                                    1. Ekman Layer
                                                                                                                                      1. Upwelling and Downwelling
                                                                                                                                    2. Deep Ocean Circulation
                                                                                                                                      1. Formation of Deep Water Masses
                                                                                                                                        1. Antarctic Bottom Water
                                                                                                                                          1. North Atlantic Deep Water
                                                                                                                                            1. Antarctic Intermediate Water
                                                                                                                                              1. Mediterranean Water
                                                                                                                                              2. Global Conveyor Belt
                                                                                                                                                1. Thermohaline Circulation Pathways
                                                                                                                                                  1. Circulation Timescales
                                                                                                                                                    1. Overturning Circulation
                                                                                                                                                    2. Climate Regulation
                                                                                                                                                      1. Heat Transport
                                                                                                                                                        1. Carbon Transport
                                                                                                                                                          1. Salt Transport
                                                                                                                                                      2. Ocean Waves
                                                                                                                                                        1. Wave Anatomy and Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                          1. Wave Crest
                                                                                                                                                            1. Wave Trough
                                                                                                                                                              1. Wavelength
                                                                                                                                                                1. Wave Height
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Wave Period
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Wave Frequency
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Wave Speed
                                                                                                                                                                      2. Generating Forces
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Wind-Generated Waves
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Capillary Waves
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Gravity Waves
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Wave Development
                                                                                                                                                                              2. Tsunami
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Seismic Causes
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Volcanic Causes
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Landslide Causes
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Wave Propagation
                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Internal Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Formation Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Propagation Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Wave Behavior
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Deep-Water Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Characteristics and Criteria
                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Shallow-Water Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Characteristics and Criteria
                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Wave Refraction
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Wave Diffraction
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Wave Reflection
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Breaking Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Spilling Breakers
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Plunging Breakers
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Surging Breakers
                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Tides
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Tide-Generating Forces
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Gravitational Pull of the Moon
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Gravitational Pull of the Sun
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Centrifugal Force
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Tidal Force Variations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Tidal Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Diurnal Tides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Semidiurnal Tides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Mixed Tides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Amphidromic Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Tidal Phenomena
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Spring Tides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Neap Tides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Tidal Bores
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Tidal Currents
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Flood Currents
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Ebb Currents
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Slack Water

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Introduction to Oceanography

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                3. Chemical Oceanography