Natural Resource Economics

  1. Policy Instruments for Resource Management
    1. Command-and-Control Regulations
      1. Technology Standards
        1. Best Available Technology
          1. Technology Mandates
          2. Performance Standards
            1. Emission Standards
              1. Efficiency Standards
              2. Quantity Controls
                1. Harvest Quotas
                  1. Extraction Limits
                    1. Access Restrictions
                  2. Market-Based Instruments
                    1. Environmental Taxes
                      1. Pigouvian Taxes
                        1. Resource Extraction Taxes
                          1. Pollution Taxes
                          2. Subsidies and Incentives
                            1. Conservation Subsidies
                              1. Research and Development Incentives
                                1. Tax Credits
                                2. Tradable Permit Systems
                                  1. Cap-and-Trade Programs
                                    1. Individual Transferable Quotas
                                      1. Pollution Trading
                                      2. User Fees and Charges
                                        1. Resource Access Fees
                                          1. Royalty Payments
                                            1. Impact Fees
                                          2. Property Rights Solutions
                                            1. Coase Theorem
                                              1. Conditions for Efficiency
                                                1. Bargaining Solutions
                                                  1. Transaction Costs
                                                    1. Limitations in Practice
                                                    2. Establishing Property Rights
                                                      1. Registration Systems
                                                        1. Enforcement Mechanisms
                                                        2. Privatization Programs
                                                          1. Resource Privatization
                                                            1. Efficiency Effects
                                                              1. Equity Concerns
                                                            2. Information-Based Instruments
                                                              1. Eco-Labeling Programs
                                                                1. Forest Certification
                                                                  1. Sustainable Fisheries Labels
                                                                    1. Organic Certification
                                                                    2. Public Disclosure Programs
                                                                      1. Environmental Reporting
                                                                        1. Right-to-Know Laws
                                                                        2. Education and Awareness
                                                                          1. Public Information Campaigns
                                                                            1. Environmental Education

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                                                                        7. Valuation of Natural Resources

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                                                                        9. Sustainability and Intergenerational Issues