Microarchitectural Attacks and Security

6.

Defense and Mitigation Strategies

6.1.

Software-Based Mitigations

6.1.1.

Operating System Defenses

6.1.1.1.

Kernel Page Table Isolation (KPTI)

6.1.1.2.

Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR)

6.1.1.3.

Control Flow Integrity (CFI)

6.1.1.4.

Stack Canaries and Guards

6.1.2.

Process Isolation Techniques

6.1.2.1.

Privilege Separation

6.1.2.2.

Sandboxing Mechanisms

6.1.2.3.

Container Security

6.1.3.

Runtime Mitigations

6.1.3.1.

Dynamic Analysis Tools

6.1.3.2.

Runtime Bounds Checking

6.1.3.3.

Memory Safety Enforcement

6.1.4.

SMT and Hyperthreading Controls

6.1.4.1.

6.1.4.2.

Core Scheduling

6.1.4.3.

Resource Partitioning

6.2.

Compiler-Based Mitigations

6.2.1.

Speculation Control

6.2.1.1.

Speculation Barriers

6.2.1.1.1.

LFENCE Instructions

6.2.1.1.2.

MFENCE Instructions

6.2.1.1.3.

SFENCE Instructions

6.2.1.2.

Retpoline Implementation

6.2.1.3.

Indirect Branch Restrictions

6.2.2.

Code Transformation Techniques

6.2.2.1.

Constant-Time Code Generation

6.2.2.2.

Branch Elimination

6.2.2.3.

Data-Independent Execution

6.2.3.

Code Diversification

6.2.3.1.

Function Layout Randomization

6.2.3.2.

Basic Block Reordering

6.2.3.3.

Instruction Scheduling Randomization

6.3.

Hardware-Based Mitigations

6.3.1.

Architectural Security Features

6.3.1.1.

Intel CET (Control-flow Enforcement Technology)

6.3.1.2.

ARM Pointer Authentication

6.3.1.3.

Memory Protection Keys

6.3.2.

Microarchitectural Modifications

6.3.2.1.

Speculation Restrictions

6.3.2.2.

Buffer Partitioning

6.3.2.3.

Resource Isolation

6.3.3.

Cache Security Enhancements

6.3.3.1.

Cache Partitioning

6.3.3.2.

Randomized Cache Indexing

6.3.3.3.

Secure Cache Architectures

6.3.4.

Branch Predictor Security

6.3.4.1.

Predictor Partitioning

6.3.4.2.

Predictor Flushing

6.3.4.3.

Secure Prediction Mechanisms

6.4.

Cryptographic Countermeasures

6.4.1.

Side-Channel Resistant Algorithms

6.4.1.1.

Masking Techniques

6.4.1.2.

Blinding Methods

6.4.1.3.

Threshold Implementations

6.4.2.

Constant-Time Cryptography

6.4.2.1.

Data-Independent Algorithms

6.4.2.2.

Timing Attack Resistance

6.4.2.3.

Implementation Guidelines

6.4.3.

Secure Cryptographic Libraries

6.4.3.1.

Library Design Principles

6.4.3.2.

Verification Methods

6.5.

Detection and Monitoring

6.5.1.

Hardware Performance Counter Analysis

6.5.1.1.

Anomaly Detection Algorithms

6.5.1.2.

Attack Signature Recognition

6.5.1.3.

Real-Time Monitoring

6.5.2.

System-Level Monitoring

6.5.2.1.

Process Behavior Analysis

6.5.2.2.

Resource Usage Patterns

6.5.2.3.

Network Traffic Analysis

6.5.3.

Hardware-Based Detection

6.5.3.1.

On-Chip Security Monitors

6.5.3.2.

Hardware Anomaly Detection

6.5.3.3.

Intrusion Detection Circuits

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7. Advanced Topics and Future Directions