Metabolism

5.

Carbohydrate Metabolism

5.1.

5.1.1.

Overview and Significance

5.1.2.

Cellular Location

5.1.3.

Overall Reaction

5.1.4.

Preparatory Phase

5.1.4.1.

Glucose Phosphorylation

5.1.4.2.

Glucose-6-phosphate Isomerization

5.1.4.3.

Fructose-6-phosphate Phosphorylation

5.1.4.4.

Aldolase Reaction

5.1.4.5.

Triose Phosphate Isomerase

5.1.5.

5.1.5.1.

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase

5.1.5.2.

Phosphoglycerate Kinase

5.1.5.3.

Phosphoglycerate Mutase

5.1.5.4.

5.1.5.5.

Pyruvate Kinase

5.1.6.

Net ATP and NADH Yield

5.1.7.

Regulation of Glycolysis

5.1.7.1.

Hexokinase Regulation

5.1.7.2.

Phosphofructokinase-1 Regulation

5.1.7.3.

Pyruvate Kinase Regulation

5.1.7.4.

Hormonal Control

5.1.8.

Alternative Entry Points

5.1.9.

Clinical Significance

5.2.

Pyruvate Metabolism

5.2.1.

Overview of Pyruvate Fates

5.2.2.

Aerobic Conditions

5.2.2.1.

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex

5.2.2.2.

Acetyl-CoA Formation

5.2.2.3.

Regulation of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase

5.2.3.

Anaerobic Conditions

5.2.3.1.

Lactic Acid Fermentation

5.2.3.2.

Lactate Dehydrogenase

5.2.3.3.

5.2.4.

Alcoholic Fermentation

5.2.4.1.

Pyruvate Decarboxylase

5.2.4.2.

Alcohol Dehydrogenase

5.2.5.

Other Pyruvate Fates

5.2.5.1.

Alanine Formation

5.2.5.2.

Oxaloacetate Formation

5.2.5.3.

Fatty Acid Synthesis

5.3.

Citric Acid Cycle

5.3.1.

Overview and Importance

5.3.2.

Cellular Location

5.3.3.

Acetyl-CoA Entry

5.3.4.

Cycle Reactions

5.3.4.1.

Citrate Formation

5.3.4.2.

Isocitrate Formation

5.3.4.3.

Alpha-Ketoglutarate Formation

5.3.4.4.

Succinyl-CoA Formation

5.3.4.5.

Succinate Formation

5.3.4.6.

Fumarate Formation

5.3.4.7.

Malate Formation

5.3.4.8.

Oxaloacetate Regeneration

5.3.5.

Energy Production

5.3.5.1.

5.3.5.2.

FADH2 Formation

5.3.5.3.

5.3.6.

5.3.6.1.

Allosteric Control

5.3.6.2.

Product Inhibition

5.3.6.3.

Calcium Effects

5.3.7.

Amphibolic Nature

5.3.8.

Anaplerotic Reactions

5.4.

Oxidative Phosphorylation

5.4.1.

5.4.2.

Mitochondrial Structure

5.4.3.

Electron Transport Chain

5.4.3.1.

5.4.3.1.1.

5.4.3.1.2.

5.4.3.1.3.

5.4.3.2.

5.4.3.2.1.

5.4.3.2.2.

TCA Cycle Connection

5.4.3.2.3.

Electron Transfer

5.4.3.3.

5.4.3.3.1.

5.4.3.3.2.

5.4.3.3.3.

5.4.3.4.

5.4.3.4.1.

5.4.3.4.2.

Oxygen Reduction

5.4.3.4.3.

5.4.3.5.

5.4.3.6.

5.4.4.

5.4.4.1.

Proton Gradient Formation

5.4.4.2.

Electrochemical Gradient

5.4.4.3.

Proton Motive Force

5.4.5.

5.4.5.1.

5.4.5.2.

Rotational Mechanism

5.4.5.3.

5.4.6.

ATP Yield Calculations

5.4.6.1.

5.4.6.2.

Theoretical vs Actual Yields

5.4.7.

Inhibitors and Uncouplers

5.4.7.1.

5.4.7.2.

5.4.7.3.

5.4.7.4.

5.5.

Gluconeogenesis

5.5.1.

Overview and Physiological Role

5.5.2.

Cellular Location

5.5.3.

5.5.3.1.

5.5.3.2.

5.5.3.3.

5.5.3.4.

5.5.4.

Bypass Reactions

5.5.4.1.

Pyruvate to PEP Conversion

5.5.4.2.

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to Fructose-6-phosphate

5.5.4.3.

Glucose-6-phosphate to Glucose

5.5.5.

5.5.6.

Glucose-Alanine Cycle

5.5.7.

5.5.7.1.

Allosteric Control

5.5.7.2.

Hormonal Control

5.5.8.

5.6.

Glycogen Metabolism

5.6.1.

Glycogen Structure

5.6.2.

Glycogen Synthesis

5.6.2.1.

UDP-Glucose Formation

5.6.2.2.

Glycogen Synthase

5.6.2.3.

Branching Enzyme

5.6.3.

Glycogen Breakdown

5.6.3.1.

Glycogen Phosphorylase

5.6.3.2.

Debranching Enzyme

5.6.3.3.

Phosphoglucomutase

5.6.4.

5.6.4.1.

Covalent Modification

5.6.4.2.

Allosteric Control

5.6.4.3.

Hormonal Control

5.6.5.

Glycogen Storage Diseases

5.7.

Pentose Phosphate Pathway

5.7.1.

Overview and Functions

5.7.2.

Oxidative Phase

5.7.2.1.

Glucose-6-phosphate Dehydrogenase

5.7.2.2.

6-Phosphogluconolactonase

5.7.2.3.

6-Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase

5.7.2.4.

NADPH Production

5.7.3.

Non-oxidative Phase

5.7.3.1.

Ribulose-5-phosphate Epimerase

5.7.3.2.

Ribose-5-phosphate Isomerase

5.7.3.3.

5.7.3.4.

5.7.4.

5.7.5.

Clinical Significance

5.7.5.1.

G6PD Deficiency

5.7.5.2.

Hemolytic Anemia

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6. Lipid Metabolism