Materials Chemistry

2.

Fundamental Principles of Material Structure

2.1.

Atomic and Molecular Structure

2.1.1.

Atomic Structure and Electron Configuration

2.1.1.1.

Electronic Structure of Atoms

2.1.1.2.

Periodic Trends

2.1.1.3.

Ionization Energy and Electron Affinity

2.1.2.

Review of Atomic Orbitals

2.1.2.1.

2.1.2.2.

2.1.2.3.

2.1.2.4.

2.1.2.5.

Orbital Shapes and Energies

2.1.3.

2.1.3.1.

sp3 Hybridization

2.1.3.2.

sp2 Hybridization

2.1.3.3.

sp Hybridization

2.1.3.4.

d Orbital Participation

2.1.4.

Molecular Orbital Theory

2.1.4.1.

Bonding Orbitals

2.1.4.2.

Antibonding Orbitals

2.1.4.3.

Molecular Orbital Diagrams

2.1.4.4.

Bond Order and Stability

2.2.

Chemical Bonding in Solids

2.2.1.

2.2.1.1.

2.2.1.2.

Born-Haber Cycle

2.2.1.3.

2.2.1.4.

Coordination Number Effects

2.2.2.

Covalent Bonding

2.2.2.1.

Directionality of Bonds

2.2.2.2.

2.2.2.3.

Covalent Bond Strength

2.2.2.4.

Resonance in Solids

2.2.3.

Metallic Bonding

2.2.3.1.

Electron Sea Model

2.2.3.2.

Band Theory of Metals

2.2.3.3.

Alloys and Solid Solutions

2.2.3.4.

Intermetallic Compounds

2.2.4.

Van der Waals Forces

2.2.4.1.

London Dispersion Forces

2.2.4.2.

Dipole-Dipole Interactions

2.2.4.3.

Induced Dipole Interactions

2.2.5.

Hydrogen Bonding

2.2.5.1.

Criteria for Hydrogen Bonding

2.2.5.2.

Strength of Hydrogen Bonds

2.2.5.3.

Effects on Material Properties

2.2.5.4.

Cooperative Hydrogen Bonding

2.3.

Crystalline Structures

2.3.1.

Lattices and Unit Cells

2.3.1.1.

Primitive Lattices

2.3.1.2.

Centered Lattices

2.3.1.3.

Lattice Parameters

2.3.1.4.

Unit Cell Volume

2.3.2.

Crystal Systems

2.3.2.1.

2.3.2.2.

Tetragonal System

2.3.2.3.

Orthorhombic System

2.3.2.4.

Hexagonal System

2.3.2.5.

Trigonal System

2.3.2.6.

Monoclinic System

2.3.2.7.

Triclinic System

2.3.3.

Bravais Lattices

2.3.3.1.

2.3.3.2.

Body-Centered Cubic

2.3.3.3.

Face-Centered Cubic

2.3.3.4.

Simple Tetragonal

2.3.3.5.

Body-Centered Tetragonal

2.3.3.6.

Simple Orthorhombic

2.3.3.7.

Body-Centered Orthorhombic

2.3.3.8.

Base-Centered Orthorhombic

2.3.3.9.

Face-Centered Orthorhombic

2.3.3.10.

2.3.3.11.

2.3.3.12.

Simple Monoclinic

2.3.3.13.

Base-Centered Monoclinic

2.3.3.14.

2.3.4.

2.3.4.1.

Indexing Crystallographic Planes

2.3.4.2.

Indexing Crystallographic Directions

2.3.4.3.

Interplanar Spacing

2.3.4.4.

2.3.5.

Close-Packing of Spheres

2.3.5.1.

Face-Centered Cubic Packing

2.3.5.1.1.

ABCABC Stacking

2.3.5.1.2.

Coordination Number

2.3.5.1.3.

Packing Efficiency

2.3.5.1.4.

Octahedral and Tetrahedral Holes

2.3.5.2.

Hexagonal Close-Packed Structure

2.3.5.2.1.

ABABAB Stacking

2.3.5.2.2.

Layer Stacking Sequence

2.3.5.2.3.

Coordination Environment

2.3.6.

Common Crystal Structures

2.3.6.1.

Rock Salt Structure

2.3.6.2.

Cesium Chloride Structure

2.3.6.3.

Zincblende Structure

2.3.6.4.

Wurtzite Structure

2.3.6.5.

Fluorite Structure

2.3.6.6.

Diamond Cubic Structure

2.3.6.7.

Perovskite Structure

2.3.6.8.

Spinel Structure

2.3.6.9.

Rutile Structure

2.4.

Amorphous and Disordered Structures

2.4.1.

2.4.1.1.

Structure of Glasses

2.4.1.2.

Glass Transition Temperature

2.4.1.3.

Glass Formation Criteria

2.4.1.4.

Network Formers and Modifiers

2.4.2.

2.4.2.1.

Amorphous Polymers

2.4.2.2.

Crystalline Polymers

2.4.2.3.

Tacticity and Chain Arrangement

2.4.2.4.

Polymer Morphology

2.4.3.

2.4.3.1.

Network Formation

2.4.3.2.

Swelling Behavior

2.4.3.3.

Sol-Gel Transition

2.4.3.4.

Aerogels and Xerogels

2.4.4.

Liquid Crystals

2.4.4.1.

2.4.4.2.

2.4.4.3.

Cholesteric Phase

2.5.

Defects and Imperfections in Solids

2.5.1.

2.5.1.1.

2.5.1.1.1.

Vacancy Formation Energy

2.5.1.1.2.

Vacancy Concentration

2.5.1.2.

2.5.1.2.1.

Self-Interstitials

2.5.1.2.2.

Interstitial Impurities

2.5.1.3.

Substitutional Impurities

2.5.1.3.1.

2.5.1.3.2.

Electronic Factor

2.5.1.4.

Frenkel Defects

2.5.1.5.

Schottky Defects

2.5.1.6.

2.5.2.

2.5.2.1.

Edge Dislocations

2.5.2.1.1.

Dislocation Core

2.5.2.1.2.

2.5.2.2.

Screw Dislocations

2.5.2.2.1.

Helical Structure

2.5.2.3.

Mixed Dislocations

2.5.2.4.

2.5.2.4.1.

Determination Methods

2.5.2.4.2.

2.5.3.

2.5.3.1.

Grain Boundaries

2.5.3.1.1.

High-Angle Boundaries

2.5.3.1.2.

Low-Angle Boundaries

2.5.3.1.3.

Grain Boundary Energy

2.5.3.2.

Stacking Faults

2.5.3.2.1.

Intrinsic Stacking Faults

2.5.3.2.2.

Extrinsic Stacking Faults

2.5.3.3.

Twin Boundaries

2.5.3.3.1.

2.5.3.3.2.

Incoherent Twins

2.5.3.4.

Antiphase Boundaries

2.5.4.

2.5.4.1.

2.5.4.2.

2.5.4.3.

2.5.4.4.

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