Magnetic and Dielectric Materials

2.

Dielectric Materials

2.1.

Fundamentals of Dielectrics

2.1.1.

Definition of a Dielectric

2.1.2.

Physical Properties of Dielectrics

2.1.3.

Electric Dipoles

2.1.3.1.

Permanent Dipoles

2.1.3.2.

Induced Dipoles

2.1.3.3.

2.1.4.

Polarization of Matter

2.1.4.1.

Mechanisms of Polarization

2.1.4.2.

Polarization Vector

2.1.5.

Local Electric Field at an Atom

2.1.5.1.

2.1.5.2.

Internal Field Effects

2.2.

Mechanisms of Polarization

2.2.1.

Electronic Polarization

2.2.1.1.

Displacement of Electron Clouds

2.2.1.2.

Frequency Response

2.2.1.3.

2.2.2.

Ionic Polarization

2.2.2.1.

Displacement of Ions in Lattices

2.2.2.2.

Temperature Dependence

2.2.2.3.

Lattice Dynamics

2.2.3.

Orientational Polarization

2.2.3.1.

Alignment of Permanent Dipoles

2.2.3.2.

Thermal Agitation Effects

2.2.3.3.

Boltzmann Distribution

2.2.4.

Interfacial Polarization

2.2.4.1.

Accumulation at Interfaces

2.2.4.2.

Role in Heterogeneous Materials

2.2.4.3.

Maxwell-Wagner Effect

2.3.

Dielectric Constant and Susceptibility

2.3.1.

Definition of Dielectric Constant

2.3.2.

Electric Susceptibility

2.3.3.

Relation Between Dielectric Constant and Susceptibility

2.3.4.

Temperature Dependence of Dielectric Properties

2.3.5.

Anisotropy in Dielectric Response

2.3.6.

Tensor Nature of Permittivity

2.4.

Frequency Dependence of Polarization

2.4.1.

Complex Permittivity

2.4.1.1.

2.4.1.2.

Imaginary Component

2.4.1.3.

Physical Interpretation

2.4.2.

Dielectric Loss

2.4.2.1.

2.4.2.2.

Energy Dissipation Mechanisms

2.4.2.3.

Measurement Techniques

2.4.3.

Relaxation Phenomena

2.4.3.1.

Polarization Relaxation

2.4.3.2.

Relaxation Time

2.4.3.3.

Distribution of Relaxation Times

2.4.4.

Resonance Phenomena

2.4.4.1.

Resonance in Polarization

2.4.4.2.

Oscillator Model

2.4.5.

Debye Relaxation Model

2.4.5.1.

2.4.5.2.

Single Relaxation Time

2.4.5.3.

Limitations of the Debye Model

2.4.5.4.

Non-Debye Relaxation

2.4.5.5.

Cole-Cole Plots

2.5.

Dielectric Breakdown

2.5.1.

Definition of Dielectric Strength

2.5.2.

Mechanisms of Breakdown

2.5.2.1.

Intrinsic Breakdown

2.5.2.1.1.

Electronic Avalanche

2.5.2.1.2.

Impact Ionization

2.5.2.2.

Thermal Breakdown

2.5.2.2.1.

Joule Heating Effects

2.5.2.2.2.

Thermal Runaway

2.5.2.3.

Discharge Breakdown

2.5.2.3.1.

Partial Discharge

2.5.2.3.2.

Corona Discharge

2.5.2.3.3.

2.5.2.4.

Electrochemical Breakdown

2.5.2.4.1.

Chemical Decomposition

2.5.2.4.2.

2.5.3.

Factors Affecting Dielectric Strength

2.5.3.1.

Material Purity

2.5.3.2.

Thickness Effects

2.5.3.3.

Geometry Effects

2.5.3.4.

Temperature Effects

2.5.3.5.

Humidity Effects

2.5.3.6.

Frequency Effects

2.6.

Special Classes of Dielectric Materials

2.6.1.

Piezoelectric Materials

2.6.1.1.

Direct Piezoelectric Effect

2.6.1.2.

Converse Piezoelectric Effect

2.6.1.3.

Crystal Symmetry Requirements

2.6.1.4.

Piezoelectric Coefficients

2.6.1.5.

Common Piezoelectric Materials

2.6.1.5.1.

2.6.1.5.2.

Lead Zirconate Titanate

2.6.1.5.3.

Polyvinylidene Fluoride

2.6.1.5.4.

2.6.1.6.

Applications of Piezoelectrics

2.6.2.

Pyroelectric Materials

2.6.2.1.

Pyroelectric Effect

2.6.2.2.

Temperature Dependence

2.6.2.3.

Pyroelectric Coefficient

2.6.2.4.

Common Pyroelectric Materials

2.6.2.4.1.

2.6.2.4.2.

Lithium Tantalate

2.6.2.4.3.

Triglycine Sulfate

2.6.2.5.

Applications of Pyroelectrics

2.6.3.

Ferroelectric Materials

2.6.3.1.

Spontaneous Polarization

2.6.3.2.

Ferroelectric Domains

2.6.3.2.1.

Domain Structure

2.6.3.2.2.

Domain Wall Motion

2.6.3.2.3.

Domain Switching

2.6.3.3.

Hysteresis Loop

2.6.3.3.1.

Polarization-Electric Field Curve

2.6.3.3.2.

2.6.3.3.3.

Remanent Polarization

2.6.3.4.

Curie Temperature

2.6.3.4.1.

Phase Transition

2.6.3.4.2.

Order-Disorder Transition

2.6.3.5.

Common Ferroelectric Materials

2.6.3.5.1.

Barium Titanate

2.6.3.5.2.

Lead Zirconate Titanate

2.6.3.5.3.

Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate

2.6.3.6.

Antiferroelectric Materials

2.6.3.6.1.

Antiferroelectric Order

2.6.3.6.2.

Double Hysteresis Loop

2.6.3.7.

Ferrielectric Materials

2.6.3.7.1.

Ferrielectric Order

2.6.3.7.2.

Compensation Temperature

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3. Magnetic Materials