Laser Physics

  1. Types of Laser Systems
    1. Gas Lasers
      1. Neutral Atom Lasers
        1. Helium-Neon Laser
          1. Energy Level Structure
            1. Pumping Mechanism
              1. Output Wavelengths
              2. Helium-Cadmium Laser
                1. Copper Vapor Laser
                2. Ion Lasers
                  1. Argon Ion Laser
                    1. Excitation Process
                      1. Power Scaling
                        1. Wavelength Selection
                        2. Krypton Ion Laser
                          1. Xenon Ion Laser
                          2. Molecular Lasers
                            1. Carbon Dioxide Laser
                              1. Vibrational Transitions
                                1. High Power Operation
                                  1. Efficiency
                                    1. Industrial Applications
                                    2. Carbon Monoxide Laser
                                      1. Nitrogen Laser
                                        1. Superradiant Operation
                                          1. Pulsed Operation
                                        2. Excimer Lasers
                                          1. Rare Gas Halides
                                            1. Ultraviolet Output
                                              1. Pulsed Operation
                                                1. Applications in Lithography
                                              2. Solid-State Lasers
                                                1. Crystal Lasers
                                                  1. Ruby Laser
                                                    1. Historical Significance
                                                      1. Chromium Doping
                                                        1. Three-Level Operation
                                                        2. Nd:YAG Laser
                                                          1. Four-Level System
                                                            1. Pumping Configurations
                                                              1. Harmonic Generation
                                                              2. Ti:Sapphire Laser
                                                                1. Broad Gain Bandwidth
                                                                  1. Tunable Operation
                                                                    1. Ultrashort Pulse Generation
                                                                    2. Yb:YAG Laser
                                                                      1. Er:YAG Laser
                                                                      2. Glass Lasers
                                                                        1. Nd:Glass
                                                                          1. Phosphate Glass
                                                                            1. Silicate Glass
                                                                            2. Ceramic Lasers
                                                                              1. Advantages over Crystals
                                                                                1. Fabrication Methods
                                                                              2. Semiconductor Lasers
                                                                                1. Basic Principles
                                                                                  1. Band Structure
                                                                                    1. Direct vs Indirect Bandgap
                                                                                      1. Carrier Injection
                                                                                      2. Laser Diode Structures
                                                                                        1. Homojunction
                                                                                          1. Single Heterojunction
                                                                                            1. Double Heterostructure
                                                                                              1. Quantum Well Structures
                                                                                                1. Quantum Dot Structures
                                                                                                2. Diode Laser Types
                                                                                                  1. Edge-Emitting Lasers
                                                                                                    1. Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers
                                                                                                      1. Distributed Feedback Lasers
                                                                                                        1. Distributed Bragg Reflector Lasers
                                                                                                        2. Wavelength Coverage
                                                                                                          1. Power Scaling
                                                                                                            1. Beam Quality Considerations
                                                                                                            2. Fiber Lasers
                                                                                                              1. Rare-Earth Doped Fibers
                                                                                                                1. Erbium-Doped Fiber
                                                                                                                  1. Ytterbium-Doped Fiber
                                                                                                                    1. Thulium-Doped Fiber
                                                                                                                      1. Holmium-Doped Fiber
                                                                                                                      2. Fiber Laser Configurations
                                                                                                                        1. Linear Cavity
                                                                                                                          1. Ring Cavity
                                                                                                                            1. Distributed Feedback
                                                                                                                            2. Pumping Schemes
                                                                                                                              1. Core Pumping
                                                                                                                                1. Cladding Pumping
                                                                                                                                  1. Tandem Pumping
                                                                                                                                  2. Power Scaling
                                                                                                                                    1. Single-Mode Operation
                                                                                                                                      1. Multimode Operation
                                                                                                                                        1. Beam Combining
                                                                                                                                      2. Dye Lasers
                                                                                                                                        1. Organic Dye Molecules
                                                                                                                                          1. Solvent Systems
                                                                                                                                            1. Pumping Methods
                                                                                                                                              1. Tuning Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                1. Ultrashort Pulse Generation
                                                                                                                                                2. Free-Electron Lasers
                                                                                                                                                  1. Undulator Physics
                                                                                                                                                    1. Electron Beam Requirements
                                                                                                                                                      1. Wavelength Tunability
                                                                                                                                                        1. High Power Capabilities

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                                                                                                                                                      6. Laser Characteristics and Properties

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                                                                                                                                                      8. Laser Dynamics and Temporal Behavior