Larval Biology and Ecology

3.

Larval Physiology and Development

3.1.

Energetics and Metabolism

3.1.1.

Metabolic Rate Scaling

3.1.1.1.

Size-dependent Metabolism

3.1.1.2.

Temperature Effects

3.1.1.3.

Activity-dependent Metabolism

3.1.2.

Energy Allocation Patterns

3.1.2.1.

Growth Energy Requirements

3.1.2.2.

Maintenance Metabolism

3.1.2.3.

Dispersal Energy Costs

3.1.2.4.

Storage vs. Immediate Use

3.1.3.

Starvation Physiology

3.1.3.1.

Point of No Return

3.1.3.2.

Metabolic Depression

3.1.3.3.

Survival Strategies

3.2.

Growth and Development

3.2.1.

Developmental Stages and Instars

3.2.1.1.

3.2.1.2.

Stage-specific Characteristics

3.2.1.3.

Developmental Milestones

3.2.2.

Molting and Ecdysis

3.2.2.1.

Hormonal Control

3.2.2.1.1.

3.2.2.1.2.

Juvenile Hormones

3.2.2.1.3.

Prothoracicotropic Hormone

3.2.2.2.

Cuticle Formation

3.2.2.3.

Molting Process

3.2.2.4.

Post-molt Hardening

3.2.3.

Tissue Differentiation

3.2.3.1.

Cell Proliferation

3.2.3.2.

3.2.3.3.

Organ Formation

3.3.

Phenotypic Plasticity

3.3.1.

Environmental Induction

3.3.1.1.

Temperature-induced Changes

3.3.1.2.

Nutrition-induced Plasticity

3.3.1.3.

Density-dependent Effects

3.3.2.

Predator-induced Defenses

3.3.2.1.

Morphological Defenses

3.3.2.2.

Behavioral Modifications

3.3.2.3.

Chemical Defenses

3.3.3.

Adaptive Plasticity

3.3.3.1.

3.3.3.2.

Costs and Benefits

3.4.

Developmental Timing

3.4.1.

Competence for Metamorphosis

3.4.1.1.

Physiological Readiness

3.4.1.2.

Size Thresholds

3.4.1.3.

Age Requirements

3.4.2.

Delayed Metamorphosis

3.4.2.1.

Environmental Constraints

3.4.2.2.

3.4.2.3.

Adaptive Significance

3.4.3.

3.4.3.1.

3.4.3.2.

3.4.3.3.

Evolutionary Implications

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4. Larval Behavior