Landscape Studies

  1. Natural Processes Shaping Landscapes
    1. Geologic Foundations
      1. Tectonics and Topography
        1. Plate Tectonics
          1. Convergent Boundaries
            1. Divergent Boundaries
              1. Transform Boundaries
                1. Hotspots
                2. Mountain Building
                  1. Orogenic Processes
                    1. Fold Mountains
                      1. Fault-Block Mountains
                        1. Volcanic Mountains
                        2. Faults and Earthquakes
                          1. Fault Types
                            1. Seismic Activity
                              1. Landscape Disruption
                                1. Fault Scarps
                              2. Bedrock Geology
                                1. Rock Types
                                  1. Igneous Rocks
                                    1. Sedimentary Rocks
                                      1. Metamorphic Rocks
                                      2. Weathering Resistance
                                        1. Differential Erosion
                                          1. Resistant Formations
                                            1. Weak Rock Units
                                            2. Geological Structure
                                              1. Bedding Planes
                                                1. Joints and Fractures
                                                  1. Folding
                                                    1. Unconformities
                                                  2. Parent Material
                                                    1. Soil Formation Processes
                                                      1. Physical Weathering
                                                        1. Chemical Weathering
                                                          1. Biological Processes
                                                            1. Time Factors
                                                            2. Soil Development
                                                              1. Horizon Formation
                                                                1. Profile Development
                                                                  1. Soil Classification
                                                                2. Volcanism
                                                                  1. Types of Volcanoes
                                                                    1. Shield Volcanoes
                                                                      1. Stratovolcanoes
                                                                        1. Cinder Cones
                                                                          1. Calderas
                                                                          2. Volcanic Landforms
                                                                            1. Lava Plateaus
                                                                              1. Volcanic Cones
                                                                                1. Crater Lakes
                                                                                  1. Volcanic Islands
                                                                                  2. Lava Flows and Ash Deposits
                                                                                    1. Flow Patterns
                                                                                      1. Cooling Features
                                                                                        1. Pyroclastic Deposits
                                                                                          1. Volcanic Soils
                                                                                      2. Geomorphological Processes
                                                                                        1. Fluvial Processes
                                                                                          1. River Erosion
                                                                                            1. Headward Erosion
                                                                                              1. Lateral Erosion
                                                                                                1. Downcutting
                                                                                                  1. Stream Capture
                                                                                                  2. River Deposition
                                                                                                    1. Alluvial Fans
                                                                                                      1. Point Bars
                                                                                                        1. Natural Levees
                                                                                                          1. Oxbow Lakes
                                                                                                          2. Floodplain Development
                                                                                                            1. Meander Migration
                                                                                                              1. Floodplain Formation
                                                                                                                1. Terrace Development
                                                                                                                  1. Wetland Creation
                                                                                                                  2. Delta Formation
                                                                                                                    1. Delta Types
                                                                                                                      1. Distributary Channels
                                                                                                                        1. Sediment Deposition
                                                                                                                          1. Delta Evolution
                                                                                                                        2. Glacial Processes
                                                                                                                          1. Glacial Erosion
                                                                                                                            1. Plucking
                                                                                                                              1. Abrasion
                                                                                                                                1. Valley Deepening
                                                                                                                                  1. Cirque Formation
                                                                                                                                  2. Glacial Deposition
                                                                                                                                    1. Till Deposition
                                                                                                                                      1. Outwash Plains
                                                                                                                                        1. Glacial Lake Deposits
                                                                                                                                          1. Erratics
                                                                                                                                          2. Glacial Landforms
                                                                                                                                            1. Moraines
                                                                                                                                              1. Drumlins
                                                                                                                                                1. Eskers
                                                                                                                                                  1. Kames
                                                                                                                                                    1. U-Shaped Valleys
                                                                                                                                                      1. Fjords
                                                                                                                                                    2. Aeolian Processes
                                                                                                                                                      1. Wind Erosion
                                                                                                                                                        1. Deflation
                                                                                                                                                          1. Abrasion
                                                                                                                                                            1. Ventifact Formation
                                                                                                                                                              1. Blowout Development
                                                                                                                                                              2. Dune Formation
                                                                                                                                                                1. Dune Types
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Dune Migration
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Sand Supply
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Vegetation Effects
                                                                                                                                                                      2. Loess Deposits
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Loess Formation
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Distribution Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Soil Development
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Agricultural Significance
                                                                                                                                                                            2. Coastal Processes
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Wave Action
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Wave Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Wave Refraction
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Wave Energy
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Longshore Drift
                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Tidal Influences
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Tidal Range
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Tidal Currents
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Tidal Flats
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Estuarine Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Coastal Erosion and Deposition
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Cliff Retreat
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Beach Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Barrier Island Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Coastal Sediment Transport
                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Shoreline Landforms
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Beaches
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Sea Cliffs
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Spits
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Tombolos
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Headlands and Bays
                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Weathering
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Physical Weathering
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Frost Action
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Salt Crystallization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Thermal Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Root Wedging
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Chemical Weathering
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Hydrolysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Oxidation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Carbonation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Solution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Biological Weathering
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Root Action
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Organic Acids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Burrowing Animals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Microbial Activity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Mass Wasting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Landslides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Rockfalls
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Debris Flows
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Soil Creep
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Soil Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Soil Horizons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. O Horizon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. A Horizon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. B Horizon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. C Horizon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Soil Types and Classification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Soil Orders
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Diagnostic Horizons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Soil Series
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Local Variations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Climatic Influences
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Climate Zones
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Tropical
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Tropical Rainforest
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Tropical Savanna
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Tropical Monsoon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Temperate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Mediterranean
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Humid Continental
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Marine West Coast
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Polar
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Tundra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Ice Cap
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Subarctic
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Arid
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Desert
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Semi-Arid
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Steppe
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Biomes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Forests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Tropical Rainforests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Temperate Deciduous Forests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Boreal Forests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Temperate Rainforests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Grasslands
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Tropical Grasslands
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Temperate Grasslands
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Prairie Ecosystems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Steppe Regions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Deserts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Hot Deserts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Cold Deserts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Coastal Deserts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Desert Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Tundra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Arctic Tundra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Alpine Tundra
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Permafrost Landscapes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Precipitation Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Rainfall Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Seasonal Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Geographic Variations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Orographic Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Rain Shadow Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Drought and Flood Regimes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Drought Cycles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Flood Frequency
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Extreme Events
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Hydrological Variability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Temperature Regimes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Seasonal Variation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Annual Temperature Cycles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Growing Seasons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Frost Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Extremes and Averages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Temperature Ranges
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Heat Waves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Cold Snaps
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Thermal Stress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Microclimates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Urban Microclimates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Heat Island Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Wind Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Precipitation Modification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Topographic Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Elevation Gradients
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Slope Orientation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Valley Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Coastal Influences
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Hydrological Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Watersheds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Watershed Delineation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Drainage Divides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Basin Boundaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Nested Watersheds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Watershed Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Water Balance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Runoff Generation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Infiltration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Evapotranspiration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Drainage Networks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Stream Order
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Strahler Ordering
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Network Hierarchy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Drainage Density
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Drainage Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Dendritic Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Radial Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Rectangular Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Deranged Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Rivers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. River Morphology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Channel Geometry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Meander Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Braided Channels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Anastomosed Channels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. River Dynamics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Flow Regimes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Sediment Transport
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Channel Migration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Flood Dynamics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Lakes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Lake Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Tectonic Lakes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Glacial Lakes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Volcanic Lakes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Oxbow Lakes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Lake Types
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Freshwater Lakes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Saline Lakes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Temporary Lakes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Artificial Reservoirs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Lake Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Thermal Stratification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Nutrient Cycling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Sedimentation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Eutrophication
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Wetlands
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Wetland Types
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Marshes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Swamps
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Bogs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Fens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Wetland Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Water Filtration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Flood Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Habitat Provision
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Carbon Storage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Groundwater
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Aquifers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Confined Aquifers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Unconfined Aquifers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Perched Aquifers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Artesian Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Groundwater Recharge and Discharge
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Recharge Zones
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Discharge Areas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Springs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Baseflow
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Surface Water Interactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Surface-Groundwater Exchange
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Gaining Streams
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Losing Streams
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Hyporheic Zone
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Riparian Interactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Ecological Dynamics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Plant Succession
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Primary Succession
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Pioneer Species
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Facilitation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Soil Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Climax Communities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Secondary Succession
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Disturbance Recovery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Seed Banks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Regeneration Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Succession Rates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Community Assembly
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Species Interactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Competition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Predation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Mutualism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Parasitism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Habitat Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Niche Construction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Ecosystem Engineering
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Habitat Heterogeneity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Biogeography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Species Distribution Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Range Limits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Endemic Species
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Cosmopolitan Species
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Disjunct Distributions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Dispersal Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Active Dispersal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Passive Dispersal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Barriers to Dispersal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Corridors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Ecosystem Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Nutrient Cycling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Carbon Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Nitrogen Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Phosphorus Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Decomposition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Energy Flow
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Primary Production
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Food Webs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Trophic Levels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Energy Transfer
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Ecosystem Services
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Provisioning Services
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Food Production
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Fresh Water
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Timber
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Genetic Resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Regulating Services
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Climate Regulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Water Purification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Disease Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Pollination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Cultural Services
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Recreation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Spiritual Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Educational Value
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Aesthetic Value
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Supporting Services
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Soil Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Oxygen Production
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Habitat Provision
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Disturbance Regimes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Fire Ecology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Fire Frequency
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Fire Intensity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Fire-Adapted Species
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Fire Suppression Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Flood Dynamics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Flood Frequency
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Flood Magnitude
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Floodplain Ecology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Riparian Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Storm Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Wind Disturbance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Ice Storms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Drought Stress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Recovery Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Human-Induced Disturbances
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Habitat Fragmentation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Pollution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Invasive Species
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Land Use Change

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Previous

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Introduction to Landscape Studies

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Go to top

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Next

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    3. Human Processes Shaping Landscapes