Japanese Language Grammar

2.

2.1.

Case-Marking Particles

2.1.1.

は Topic Marker

2.1.1.1.

Distinction from Subject Marker

2.1.1.2.

Contrastive Use

2.1.2.

が Subject Marker

2.1.2.1.

Introduction of New Information

2.1.2.2.

Emphasis and Focus

2.1.3.

を Direct Object Marker

2.1.3.1.

Placement in Sentence

2.1.3.2.

Use with Transitive Verbs

2.1.4.

に Target and Location Marker

2.1.4.1.

Indicating Destination

2.1.4.2.

Indicating Time

2.1.4.3.

Indicating Indirect Object

2.1.4.4.

Use with Existence Verbs

2.1.5.

へ Direction Marker

2.1.5.1.

Difference from に

2.1.5.2.

Use with Movement Verbs

2.1.6.

で Location of Action Marker

2.1.6.1.

Indicating Place of Action

2.1.6.2.

Indicating Means and Method

2.1.7.

の Possessive Marker

2.1.7.1.

Indicating Possession

2.1.7.2.

Noun Modification

2.1.8.

と Conjunction Particle

2.1.8.1.

2.1.8.2.

Indicating Companionship

2.1.9.

や Incomplete List Marker

2.1.9.1.

Difference from と

2.1.9.2.

Use in Non-Exhaustive Lists

2.1.10.

も Addition Particle

2.1.10.1.

Replacing Other Particles

2.1.10.2.

Use in Negative Sentences

2.1.11.

から Origin Marker

2.1.11.1.

Indicating Starting Point

2.1.11.2.

Indicating Reason

2.1.12.

まで Endpoint Marker

2.1.12.1.

Indicating End Point

2.1.12.2.

Use with Time and Place

2.1.13.

より Comparison Marker

2.1.13.1.

Comparative Sentences

2.2.

Sentence-Ending Particles

2.2.1.

か Question Marker

2.2.1.1.

Yes/No Questions

2.2.1.2.

Embedded Questions

2.2.2.

ね Confirmation Particle

2.2.2.1.

Seeking Agreement

2.2.2.2.

Softeners in Conversation

2.2.3.

よ Emphasis Particle

2.2.3.1.

Providing New Information

2.2.3.2.

2.2.4.

よね Combined Particle

2.2.4.1.

Seeking Agreement with Emphasis

2.2.5.

な Casual Assertion Particle

2.2.5.1.

Use in Commands

2.2.5.2.

Use in Suggestions

2.2.6.

わ Feminine Assertion Particle

2.2.6.1.

2.2.6.2.

2.2.7.

の Casual Question Particle

2.2.7.1.

Use in Informal Questions

2.2.7.2.

Explanatory Use

2.2.8.

ぞ Strong Masculine Assertion

2.2.9.

ぜ Strong Masculine Assertion

2.3.

Conjunctive Particles

2.3.1.

て Connecting Particle

2.3.1.1.

Sequential Actions

2.3.1.2.

Cause and Effect

2.3.2.

で Connecting Particle

2.3.2.1.

Sequential Actions

2.3.2.2.

Cause and Effect

2.3.3.

が Contrast Particle

2.3.3.1.

Contrasting Clauses

2.3.4.

けど Casual Contrast Particle

2.3.5.

けれど Polite Contrast Particle

2.3.6.

けれども Formal Contrast Particle

2.3.7.

から Reason Particle

2.3.7.1.

2.3.8.

ので Formal Reason Particle

2.3.8.1.

Polite Explanations

2.3.9.

し Listing Particle

2.3.9.1.

Multiple Reasons

2.3.9.2.

Multiple States

2.3.10.

と Conditional Particle

2.3.10.1.

Natural Consequence

2.3.11.

たら Conditional Particle

2.3.11.1.

Hypothetical Use

2.3.11.2.

2.3.12.

ば Conditional Particle

2.3.12.1.

General Conditions

2.3.13.

なら Contextual Conditional Particle

2.3.13.1.

2.3.13.2.

Contrastive Use

2.4.

Adverbial Particles

2.4.1.

だけ Limitation Particle

2.4.1.1.

2.4.2.

しか Negative Limitation Particle

2.4.2.1.

Use with Negative Verbs

2.4.3.

ばかり Exclusive Particle

2.4.3.1.

2.4.3.2.

Excessive Amounts

2.4.4.

くらい Approximation Particle

2.4.5.

ぐらい Approximation Particle

2.4.6.

など Non-Exhaustive List Particle

2.4.7.

こそ Emphasis Particle

2.4.7.1.

Highlighting Specific Elements

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1. Introduction to Japanese Grammar

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3. Nouns and Pronouns