IoT Security and Malware

  1. Analysis of IoT Malware
    1. Static Analysis
      1. File Type Identification
        1. Executable and Linkable Format (ELF)
          1. ELF Header Analysis
            1. Section Header Examination
              1. Program Header Inspection
                1. Architecture Detection
                2. Shell Scripts
                  1. Bash Script Analysis
                    1. Shell Command Extraction
                      1. Environment Variable Usage
                      2. Binary Packing Detection
                        1. UPX Packer Identification
                          1. Custom Packer Recognition
                            1. Entropy Analysis
                          2. String Extraction and Analysis
                            1. Identifying Hardcoded IPs
                              1. IPv4 Address Patterns
                                1. IPv6 Address Patterns
                                  1. IP Range Specifications
                                  2. Identifying Domains
                                    1. Domain Name Extraction
                                      1. Subdomain Patterns
                                        1. TLD Analysis
                                        2. Extracting Credentials
                                          1. Username/Password Pairs
                                            1. API Keys and Tokens
                                              1. Certificate Data
                                            2. Disassembly for Different Architectures
                                              1. ARM Disassembly
                                                1. ARM Assembly Language
                                                  1. Thumb Instruction Set
                                                    1. ARM64/AArch64 Analysis
                                                    2. MIPS Disassembly
                                                      1. MIPS32 Instruction Set
                                                        1. MIPS64 Analysis
                                                          1. Endianness Considerations
                                                          2. x86 Disassembly
                                                            1. x86-32 Assembly
                                                              1. x86-64 Assembly
                                                                1. Calling Conventions
                                                                2. PowerPC Disassembly
                                                                  1. PowerPC Assembly Language
                                                                    1. Big-Endian Considerations
                                                                      1. Embedded PowerPC Variants
                                                                    2. Identifying Embedded Resources
                                                                      1. Configuration Files
                                                                        1. XML Configuration Data
                                                                          1. JSON Configuration Files
                                                                            1. Binary Configuration Blocks
                                                                            2. Embedded Payloads
                                                                              1. Secondary Executables
                                                                                1. Shellcode Fragments
                                                                                  1. Encrypted Payloads
                                                                              2. Dynamic Analysis (Sandboxing)
                                                                                1. Emulation Environments
                                                                                  1. QEMU-Based Emulation
                                                                                    1. Full System Emulation
                                                                                      1. User-Mode Emulation
                                                                                        1. Architecture-Specific Emulation
                                                                                        2. Custom Sandboxes
                                                                                          1. IoT-Specific Sandboxes
                                                                                            1. Firmware Emulation Platforms
                                                                                              1. Hardware-in-the-Loop Testing
                                                                                            2. Monitoring Network Traffic
                                                                                              1. Packet Capture (PCAP) Analysis
                                                                                                1. Traffic Pattern Analysis
                                                                                                  1. Protocol Distribution
                                                                                                    1. Communication Timeline
                                                                                                    2. Protocol Decoding
                                                                                                      1. Application Layer Protocols
                                                                                                        1. Custom Protocol Analysis
                                                                                                          1. Encrypted Traffic Detection
                                                                                                        2. Observing System Calls
                                                                                                          1. File System Interactions
                                                                                                            1. File Creation and Modification
                                                                                                              1. Directory Traversal
                                                                                                                1. Permission Changes
                                                                                                                2. Process Creation and Termination
                                                                                                                  1. Child Process Spawning
                                                                                                                    1. Process Hierarchy Analysis
                                                                                                                      1. Resource Usage Monitoring
                                                                                                                    2. Capturing C2 Communication
                                                                                                                      1. Traffic Redirection
                                                                                                                        1. DNS Redirection Techniques
                                                                                                                          1. Proxy-Based Interception
                                                                                                                            1. Network Address Translation
                                                                                                                            2. Decrypting C2 Messages
                                                                                                                              1. Key Extraction Methods
                                                                                                                                1. Protocol Reverse Engineering
                                                                                                                                  1. Cryptographic Analysis
                                                                                                                              2. Firmware Analysis
                                                                                                                                1. Firmware Extraction Techniques
                                                                                                                                  1. Downloading from Manufacturer Websites
                                                                                                                                    1. Official Firmware Repositories
                                                                                                                                      1. Support Portal Access
                                                                                                                                        1. Version History Analysis
                                                                                                                                        2. Capturing via Network Sniffing
                                                                                                                                          1. Update Traffic Interception
                                                                                                                                            1. OTA Update Capture
                                                                                                                                              1. Protocol Analysis
                                                                                                                                              2. Extracting from Physical Chips
                                                                                                                                                1. JTAG Extraction
                                                                                                                                                  1. SPI Flash Reading
                                                                                                                                                    1. EEPROM Dumping
                                                                                                                                                  2. Firmware Unpacking and File System Extraction
                                                                                                                                                    1. Using Binwalk
                                                                                                                                                      1. Signature-Based Extraction
                                                                                                                                                        1. Entropy Analysis
                                                                                                                                                          1. File System Identification
                                                                                                                                                          2. Manual Extraction Methods
                                                                                                                                                            1. Hex Editor Analysis
                                                                                                                                                              1. Custom Unpacking Scripts
                                                                                                                                                                1. Compression Algorithm Identification
                                                                                                                                                              2. Analyzing Embedded Files, Scripts, and Binaries
                                                                                                                                                                1. Identifying Vulnerable Components
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Library Version Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Known Vulnerability Mapping
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Security Patch Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                      2. Locating Malware Artifacts
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Suspicious File Identification
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Backdoor Detection
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Trojan Component Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                        2. Reverse Engineering
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Advanced Disassembly and Decompilation
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Using IDA Pro, Ghidra, or Radare2
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Function Identification
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Control Flow Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Data Structure Recovery
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Cross-Reference Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Debugging on Emulated or Physical Hardware
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Setting Breakpoints
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Code Breakpoints
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Data Breakpoints
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Conditional Breakpoints
                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Tracing Execution Flow
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Instruction Tracing
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Function Call Tracing
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Branch Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Unpacking Custom Packers
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Identifying Packing Algorithms
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Compression Detection
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Encryption Identification
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Obfuscation Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Manual Unpacking Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Memory Dumping
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. OEP Finding
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Import Table Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Decrypting C2 Communication Protocols
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Analyzing Encryption Algorithms
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Algorithm Identification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Key Schedule Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Cipher Mode Detection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Extracting Encryption Keys
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Static Key Extraction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Dynamic Key Recovery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Key Derivation Analysis

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                  4. IoT Malware: Characteristics and Lifecycle

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                  6. Common IoT Attack Payloads and Their Impact