IoT Security and Malware

  1. Common IoT Vulnerabilities
    1. Weak, Guessable, or Hardcoded Credentials
      1. Default Usernames and Passwords
        1. Factory Default Credentials
          1. Common Password Lists
            1. Vendor-Specific Defaults
            2. Unchangeable Factory Credentials
              1. Hardcoded Passwords in Firmware
                1. Embedded Certificates
                  1. Fixed API Keys
                  2. Credential Reuse Across Devices
                    1. Shared Default Passwords
                      1. Common Service Accounts
                        1. Cross-Device Authentication
                      2. Insecure Network Services
                        1. Exposed and Unnecessary Open Ports
                          1. Telnet Services
                            1. SSH with Weak Configuration
                              1. HTTP Administration Interfaces
                                1. FTP Services
                                2. Services Vulnerable to Buffer Overflows
                                  1. Stack-Based Overflows
                                    1. Heap-Based Overflows
                                      1. Format String Vulnerabilities
                                      2. Lack of Service Authentication
                                        1. Anonymous Access
                                          1. Missing Authorization Checks
                                            1. Weak Session Management
                                          2. Insecure Ecosystem Interfaces
                                            1. Vulnerabilities in Web Interfaces
                                              1. Administrative Panels
                                                1. Configuration Interfaces
                                                  1. Monitoring Dashboards
                                                  2. Vulnerabilities in Backend APIs
                                                    1. REST API Security Issues
                                                      1. GraphQL Vulnerabilities
                                                        1. SOAP Service Flaws
                                                        2. Vulnerabilities in Cloud Interfaces
                                                          1. Cloud Management Consoles
                                                            1. Third-Party Integrations
                                                              1. Mobile Application APIs
                                                              2. Lack of Authentication or Authorization
                                                                1. Missing Access Controls
                                                                  1. Broken Authentication Mechanisms
                                                                    1. Insufficient Authorization Checks
                                                                  2. Lack of Secure Update Mechanism
                                                                    1. No Over-the-Air (OTA) Update Capability
                                                                      1. Manual Update Requirements
                                                                        1. Physical Access Dependencies
                                                                          1. Update Distribution Challenges
                                                                          2. Unencrypted Firmware Updates
                                                                            1. Plaintext Update Channels
                                                                              1. Vulnerable Update Protocols
                                                                                1. Man-in-the-Middle Risks
                                                                                2. Unsigned Firmware Updates
                                                                                  1. Missing Digital Signatures
                                                                                    1. Weak Signature Verification
                                                                                      1. Update Authenticity Issues
                                                                                      2. Update Process Vulnerabilities
                                                                                        1. Race Conditions
                                                                                          1. Rollback Attacks
                                                                                            1. Update Verification Bypass
                                                                                          2. Use of Insecure or Outdated Components
                                                                                            1. Vulnerable Third-Party Libraries
                                                                                              1. Open Source Library Vulnerabilities
                                                                                                1. Proprietary Component Flaws
                                                                                                  1. Dependency Chain Issues
                                                                                                  2. Outdated Operating Systems
                                                                                                    1. Legacy OS Versions
                                                                                                      1. Missing Security Patches
                                                                                                        1. End-of-Life Systems
                                                                                                        2. Outdated Kernels
                                                                                                          1. Kernel Vulnerabilities
                                                                                                            1. Driver Security Issues
                                                                                                              1. System Call Exploits
                                                                                                            2. Insufficient Privacy Protection
                                                                                                              1. Collection of Sensitive Personal Information
                                                                                                                1. Excessive Data Collection
                                                                                                                  1. Unnecessary Personal Data
                                                                                                                    1. Biometric Data Exposure
                                                                                                                    2. Insecure Storage of Personally Identifiable Information (PII)
                                                                                                                      1. Unencrypted PII Storage
                                                                                                                        1. Weak Access Controls
                                                                                                                          1. Data Retention Issues
                                                                                                                          2. Insecure Transmission of PII
                                                                                                                            1. Unencrypted Data Transmission
                                                                                                                              1. Weak Transport Security
                                                                                                                                1. Data Leakage in Transit
                                                                                                                              2. Insecure Data Transfer and Storage
                                                                                                                                1. Lack of Encryption for Data in Transit
                                                                                                                                  1. Plaintext Communication Protocols
                                                                                                                                    1. Weak Encryption Algorithms
                                                                                                                                      1. Poor Key Management
                                                                                                                                      2. Lack of Encryption for Data at Rest
                                                                                                                                        1. Unencrypted Local Storage
                                                                                                                                          1. Weak Encryption Implementation
                                                                                                                                            1. Missing Key Protection
                                                                                                                                            2. Weak Cryptographic Implementations
                                                                                                                                              1. Custom Cryptography
                                                                                                                                                1. Weak Random Number Generation
                                                                                                                                                  1. Poor Algorithm Selection
                                                                                                                                                2. Lack of Device Management
                                                                                                                                                  1. Inability to Securely Decommission Devices
                                                                                                                                                    1. Data Sanitization Issues
                                                                                                                                                      1. Certificate Revocation Problems
                                                                                                                                                        1. Access Credential Cleanup
                                                                                                                                                        2. Poor Asset Management and Inventory
                                                                                                                                                          1. Unknown Device Inventory
                                                                                                                                                            1. Lifecycle Management Issues
                                                                                                                                                              1. Configuration Drift
                                                                                                                                                              2. Lack of Remote Management Capabilities
                                                                                                                                                                1. No Remote Configuration
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Missing Remote Monitoring
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Limited Remote Troubleshooting
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Insecure Default Settings
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) Enabled by Default
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Automatic Port Forwarding
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Service Discovery Risks
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Network Exposure
                                                                                                                                                                          2. Unnecessary Features Enabled
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Debug Interfaces Active
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Unused Network Services
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Development Features in Production
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Insecure Network Configurations
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Open Wi-Fi Networks
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Weak Encryption Settings
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Permissive Firewall Rules
                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Lack of Physical Hardening
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Exposed Debug Ports
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. JTAG Interface Exposure
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. UART Console Access
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. SWD Debug Interface
                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Ease of Firmware Extraction
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Unprotected Flash Memory
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Readable Firmware Images
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Missing Code Protection
                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Lack of Tamper Detection
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. No Physical Intrusion Detection
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Missing Tamper-Evident Seals
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Unprotected Circuit Boards

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                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. The IoT Attack Surface and Threat Modeling

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                                                                                                                                                                                                    4. IoT Malware: Characteristics and Lifecycle