Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS)

4.

Connected and Automated Vehicles (CAV)

4.1.

Levels of Driving Automation (SAE J3016)

4.1.1.

Level 0: No Driving Automation

4.1.1.1.

Human Driver Responsibility

4.1.1.2.

Warning Systems Only

4.1.2.

Level 1: Driver Assistance

4.1.2.1.

Steering or Acceleration Support

4.1.2.2.

Human Monitoring Required

4.1.3.

Level 2: Partial Driving Automation

4.1.3.1.

Combined Steering and Acceleration

4.1.3.2.

Human Supervision Required

4.1.4.

Level 3: Conditional Driving Automation

4.1.4.1.

Environmental Monitoring by System

4.1.4.2.

Human Fallback Required

4.1.5.

Level 4: High Driving Automation

4.1.5.1.

Geofenced Operation

4.1.5.2.

System Fallback Capability

4.1.6.

Level 5: Full Driving Automation

4.1.6.1.

Unrestricted Operation

4.1.6.2.

No Human Driver Required

4.2.

Automated Vehicle Technologies

4.2.1.

Perception Systems

4.2.1.1.

4.2.1.2.

Object Detection and Classification

4.2.1.3.

Scene Understanding

4.2.2.

Localization and Mapping

4.2.2.1.

Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM)

4.2.2.2.

High-Definition Maps

4.2.2.3.

Precise Positioning

4.2.3.

Path Planning and Decision Making

4.2.3.1.

4.2.3.2.

Behavioral Planning

4.2.3.3.

Motion Planning

4.2.4.

Vehicle Control Systems

4.2.4.1.

Longitudinal Control

4.2.4.2.

Lateral Control

4.2.4.3.

Actuator Control

4.3.

Cooperative ITS (C-ITS)

4.3.1.

Principles of Cooperation

4.3.1.1.

Information Sharing

4.3.1.2.

Coordinated Maneuvers

4.3.1.3.

Collective Intelligence

4.3.2.

Day 1 and Day 2+ C-ITS Services

4.3.2.1.

Basic Safety Messaging

4.3.2.2.

Advanced Cooperative Services

4.3.2.3.

Cooperative Perception

4.3.3.

4.3.3.1.

Vehicle Coordination

4.3.3.2.

Fuel Efficiency Benefits

4.3.3.3.

Safety Considerations

4.3.3.4.

Mixed Traffic Integration

4.3.4.

Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC)

4.3.4.1.

Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication

4.3.4.2.

String Stability

4.3.4.3.

4.4.

Challenges for CAV Deployment

4.4.1.

Technical Challenges

4.4.1.1.

Sensor Limitations and Weather Effects

4.4.1.2.

Sensor Fusion Challenges

4.4.1.3.

Adverse Weather Performance

4.4.1.4.

Edge Cases and Rare Scenarios

4.4.2.

Human Factors and Human-Machine Interface (HMI)

4.4.2.1.

Driver Monitoring

4.4.2.2.

User Acceptance

4.4.2.3.

Trust and Reliability

4.4.2.4.

Handover Procedures

4.4.3.

Mixed-Traffic Environments

4.4.3.1.

Interaction with Non-Automated Vehicles

4.4.3.2.

Infrastructure Adaptation

4.4.3.3.

Vulnerable Road User Interactions

4.4.4.

Validation and Verification

4.4.4.1.

Testing Methodologies

4.4.4.2.

Safety Assurance

4.4.4.3.

Simulation and Real-World Testing

4.4.4.4.

Certification Processes

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