Industrial Organization

6.

Entry, Exit, and Strategic Behavior

6.1.

Barriers to Entry

6.1.1.

Structural Barriers

6.1.1.1.

Economies of Scale

6.1.1.2.

Capital Requirements

6.1.1.3.

Product Differentiation Advantages

6.1.1.4.

Network Effects

6.1.1.5.

Switching Costs

6.1.2.

Strategic Barriers

6.1.2.1.

6.1.2.2.

Excess Capacity

6.1.2.3.

Product Proliferation

6.1.2.4.

Advertising Intensity

6.1.2.5.

Raising Rivals' Costs

6.2.

Entry Deterrence Strategies

6.2.1.

Limit Pricing Theory

6.2.1.1.

Credible Commitment

6.2.1.2.

Information Asymmetries

6.2.1.3.

Reputation Effects

6.2.2.

Capacity Investment

6.2.2.1.

Excess Capacity Strategy

6.2.2.2.

Irreversible Investment

6.2.2.3.

Commitment Value

6.2.3.

Cost-Raising Strategies

6.2.3.1.

Input Foreclosure

6.2.3.2.

Exclusive Contracts

6.2.3.3.

Vertical Integration

6.3.

Predatory and Exclusionary Practices

6.3.1.

Predatory Pricing Theory

6.3.1.1.

Below-Cost Pricing

6.3.1.2.

Recoupment Analysis

6.3.1.3.

Multi-Market Contact

6.3.2.

Exclusive Dealing

6.3.2.1.

Foreclosure Effects

6.3.2.2.

Efficiency Justifications

6.3.2.3.

Antitrust Analysis

6.3.3.

Tying as Exclusion

6.3.3.1.

Leverage Theory

6.3.3.2.

Efficiency Explanations

6.3.3.3.

Legal Standards

6.4.

Mergers and Acquisitions

6.4.1.

6.4.1.1.

Horizontal Mergers

6.4.1.2.

Vertical Mergers

6.4.1.3.

Conglomerate Mergers

6.4.2.

Merger Motivations

6.4.2.1.

Efficiency Gains

6.4.2.2.

6.4.2.3.

Diversification

6.4.2.4.

Technology Access

6.4.2.5.

Managerial Motives

6.4.3.

6.4.3.1.

Unilateral Effects

6.4.3.2.

Coordinated Effects

6.4.3.3.

6.4.3.4.

Quality Effects

6.4.3.5.

Innovation Effects

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7. Antitrust Policy and Enforcement