Image Processing

Image processing is a discipline within computer science that involves using algorithms to perform operations on a digital image in order to enhance its features or extract useful information. Unlike its parent field of computer vision, which aims to interpret and understand the content of an image, image processing is focused on the transformation of the image itself, treating it as a two-dimensional signal. Common operations include filtering, sharpening, blurring, noise reduction, contrast enhancement, and edge detection, which often serve as foundational preprocessing steps for more complex computer vision tasks.

1. Fundamentals of Digital Images
   1. The Digital Image
      1. Image as a 2D Function
         1. Mathematical Definition of f(x, y)
         2. Continuous vs. Discrete Functions
         3. Intensity and Amplitude Representation
         4. Dynamic Range
      2. Pixels and Voxels
         1. Definition of a Pixel
         2. Definition of a Voxel
         3. Pixel Resolution
         4. Spatial Resolution
         5. Relationship Between Resolution and Image Quality
      3. Image Sampling and Quantization
         1. Spatial Sampling
            1. Sampling Grid
            2. Sampling Rate
            3. Nyquist Sampling Theorem
         2. Quantization of Intensity Levels
            1. Uniform Quantization
            2. Non-uniform Quantization
            3. Quantization Error
         3. Effects of Undersampling
            1. Aliasing Artifacts
            2. Moiré Patterns
         4. Bit Depth
            1. 8-bit vs. 16-bit Images
            2. Dynamic Range and Bit Depth
   2. Image Representation
      1. Coordinate Conventions
         1. Cartesian Coordinates
         2. Image Origin and Axes
         3. Row-major vs. Column-major Order
         4. Matrix Indexing Conventions
      2. Data Structures for Images
         1. Matrices and Arrays
         2. Image Channels and Planes
         3. Memory Layout
            1. Contiguous Memory Storage
            2. Interleaved vs. Planar Storage
      3. Image File Formats
         1. Bitmap Formats
            1. BMP Structure
            2. Uncompressed Storage
         2. Portable Network Graphics
            1. PNG Compression
            2. Transparency Support
         3. Joint Photographic Experts Group
            1. JPEG Compression Algorithm
            2. Quality vs. File Size Trade-offs
         4. Tagged Image File Format
            1. TIFF Flexibility
            2. Multi-page Support
         5. Raw Image Formats
            1. Sensor Data Preservation
            2. Post-processing Flexibility
   3. Image Types
      1. Binary Images
         1. Definition and Characteristics
         2. Applications in Document Processing
         3. Thresholding for Binary Images
            1. Global Thresholding
            2. Adaptive Thresholding
      2. Grayscale Images
         1. Intensity Range Representation
         2. Applications of Grayscale Images
         3. Conversion from Color to Grayscale
      3. Color Images
         1. Color Channels
            1. RGB Channel Structure
            2. Channel Independence
         2. True Color vs. Indexed Color
            1. Color Palette Systems
            2. Color Depth Considerations
   4. Color Models
      1. Additive vs. Subtractive Color
         1. Principles of Additive Color Mixing
         2. Principles of Subtractive Color Mixing
         3. Applications in Different Media
      2. RGB Color Model
         1. RGB Color Space Definition
         2. Color Cube Representation
         3. Applications in Displays
         4. Gamma Correction in RGB
      3. CMY and CMYK Color Models
         1. CMY Color Space
         2. Black Channel Addition
         3. Conversion Between RGB and CMYK
         4. Applications in Printing
      4. HSI and HSV Color Models
         1. Hue Component
         2. Saturation Component
         3. Intensity vs. Value Component
         4. Conversion Between RGB and HSI
         5. Conversion Between RGB and HSV
         6. Applications in Image Analysis
      5. Luminance-Chrominance Models
         1. YCbCr Color Space
            1. Luminance Component
            2. Chrominance Components
         2. YUV Color Space
         3. YIQ Color Space
         4. Applications in Video and Compression
   5. Relationship Between Pixels
      1. Neighbors of a Pixel
         1. 4-neighbors Definition
         2. 8-neighbors Definition
         3. Diagonal Neighbors
         4. Neighborhood Notation
      2. Adjacency and Connectivity
         1. 4-connectivity
         2. 8-connectivity
         3. m-connectivity
         4. Connected Components
      3. Distance Measures
         1. Euclidean Distance
            1. Formula and Properties
         2. City-Block Distance
            1. Manhattan Distance Formula
         3. Chessboard Distance
            1. Maximum Distance Metric
         4. Applications of Distance Measures
            1. Template Matching
            2. Morphological Operations