Image Processing

9.

Image Compression

9.1.

Fundamentals of Compression

9.1.1.

Data Redundancy

9.1.1.1.

Coding Redundancy

9.1.1.1.1.

Variable-length Coding

9.1.1.1.2.

Huffman Coding Efficiency

9.1.1.2.

Inter-pixel Redundancy

9.1.1.2.1.

Spatial Correlation

9.1.1.2.2.

Predictive Coding

9.1.1.3.

Psychovisual Redundancy

9.1.1.3.1.

Human Visual System Properties

9.1.1.3.2.

Perceptual Coding

9.1.2.

Information Theory

9.1.2.1.

Entropy Calculation

9.1.2.1.1.

Shannon Entropy

9.1.2.1.2.

Conditional Entropy

9.1.2.2.

Information Content of Images

9.1.2.3.

Theoretical Compression Limits

9.1.3.

Fidelity Criteria

9.1.3.1.

Objective Measures

9.1.3.1.1.

Mean Squared Error

9.1.3.1.2.

Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio

9.1.3.1.3.

Structural Similarity Index

9.1.3.2.

Subjective Quality Measures

9.1.3.2.1.

Human Visual Assessment

9.1.3.2.2.

Quality Metrics

9.2.

Lossless Compression Methods

9.2.1.

9.2.1.1.

Variable-length Code Construction

9.2.1.2.

Code Tree Generation

9.2.1.3.

Optimal Prefix Codes

9.2.1.4.

Adaptive Huffman Coding

9.2.2.

Arithmetic Coding

9.2.2.1.

Interval-based Encoding

9.2.2.2.

Probability Model

9.2.2.3.

Implementation Considerations

9.2.3.

Lempel-Ziv-Welch Coding

9.2.3.1.

Dictionary-based Compression

9.2.3.2.

Dynamic Dictionary Building

9.2.3.3.

LZW Algorithm Steps

9.2.4.

Run-Length Encoding

9.2.4.1.

Consecutive Value Encoding

9.2.4.2.

Applications in Binary Images

9.2.4.3.

Efficiency Considerations

9.2.5.

Predictive Coding

9.2.5.1.

Linear Prediction

9.2.5.2.

9.2.5.3.

DPCM Implementation

9.3.

Lossy Compression Methods

9.3.1.

Lossy Predictive Coding

9.3.1.1.

Quantization of Prediction Errors

9.3.1.2.

Rate-Distortion Trade-offs

9.3.2.

Transform Coding

9.3.2.1.

Discrete Cosine Transform

9.3.2.1.1.

Block-based DCT

9.3.2.1.2.

8x8 Block Processing

9.3.2.1.3.

Quantization Tables

9.3.2.1.4.

Zigzag Scanning

9.3.2.2.

Karhunen-Loève Transform

9.3.2.2.1.

Optimal Transform Properties

9.3.2.2.2.

Computational Complexity

9.3.3.

9.3.3.1.

Discrete Wavelet Transform

9.3.3.2.

Subband Decomposition

9.3.3.3.

Embedded Zero-tree Coding

9.3.3.4.

Set Partitioning Methods

9.4.

Image Compression Standards

9.4.1.

9.4.1.1.

Baseline JPEG Algorithm

9.4.1.2.

DCT-based Compression

9.4.1.3.

Quantization and Entropy Coding

9.4.1.4.

Progressive JPEG

9.4.1.5.

Lossless JPEG Mode

9.4.2.

JPEG2000 Standard

9.4.2.1.

Wavelet-based Compression

9.4.2.2.

Scalable Coding

9.4.2.3.

Region of Interest Coding

9.4.2.4.

Error Resilience Features

9.4.3.

Other Standards

9.4.3.1.

PNG Compression

9.4.3.2.

GIF Compression

9.4.3.3.

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