Green Chemistry

2.

The Twelve Principles of Green Chemistry

2.1.

Principle 1: Prevention

2.1.1.

Prevention vs Treatment Philosophy

2.1.2.

Waste Minimization Strategies

2.1.3.

Source Reduction Techniques

2.1.4.

Process Design for Prevention

2.2.

Principle 2: Atom Economy

2.2.1.

Concept and Mathematical Definition

2.2.2.

Calculation Methods

2.2.3.

Maximizing Reactant Incorporation

2.2.4.

Comparison with Reaction Yield

2.2.5.

High Atom Economy Examples

2.3.

Principle 3: Less Hazardous Chemical Syntheses

2.3.1.

Synthetic Pathway Design

2.3.2.

Toxicity Minimization

2.3.3.

Intrinsic vs Extrinsic Hazards

2.3.4.

Benign Reagent Selection

2.4.

Principle 4: Designing Safer Chemicals

2.4.1.

Structure-Activity Relationships

2.4.2.

Function Preservation Strategies

2.4.3.

Hazard Potential Reduction

2.4.4.

Predictive Toxicology Tools

2.5.

Principle 5: Safer Solvents and Auxiliaries

2.5.1.

Solvent Role in Chemical Processes

2.5.2.

Hazardous Solvent Elimination

2.5.3.

Solvent Greenness Evaluation

2.5.4.

Selection Guides and Criteria

2.5.5.

Alternative Solvent Systems

2.6.

Principle 6: Design for Energy Efficiency

2.6.1.

Energy Requirement Minimization

2.6.2.

Ambient Condition Reactions

2.6.3.

Alternative Energy Sources

2.6.3.1.

Microwave Heating

2.6.3.2.

Ultrasound Applications

2.6.3.3.

Photochemical Methods

2.7.

Principle 7: Use of Renewable Feedstocks

2.7.1.

Petrochemical to Bio-based Transition

2.7.2.

Biomass as Chemical Feedstock

2.7.3.

Biorefinery Concepts

2.7.4.

Integrated Processing Systems

2.8.

Principle 8: Reduce Derivatives

2.8.1.

Derivatization Minimization

2.8.2.

Protecting Group Strategies

2.8.3.

Blocking Step Alternatives

2.8.4.

Temporary Modification Reduction

2.9.

Principle 9: Catalysis

2.9.1.

Catalytic vs Stoichiometric Reagents

2.9.2.

Catalyst Selectivity and Efficiency

2.9.3.

Homogeneous Catalysis

2.9.4.

Heterogeneous Catalysis

2.9.5.

2.9.6.

2.9.7.

Electrocatalysis

2.10.

Principle 10: Design for Degradation

2.10.1.

Post-Use Product Breakdown

2.10.2.

Biodegradation Mechanisms

2.10.3.

Photodegradation Processes

2.10.4.

Hydrolysis Pathways

2.10.5.

Environmental Persistence Avoidance

2.11.

Principle 11: Real-time Analysis for Pollution Prevention

2.11.1.

In-process Monitoring Systems

2.11.2.

Process Analytical Technology

2.11.3.

Hazardous Byproduct Prevention

2.11.4.

Analytical Instrumentation

2.12.

Principle 12: Inherently Safer Chemistry

2.12.1.

Accident Prevention Design

2.12.2.

Chemical Release Minimization

2.12.3.

Explosion and Fire Prevention

2.12.4.

Process Safety Integration

2.12.5.

Inherently Safer Design Strategies

Previous

1. Introduction to Green Chemistry

Go to top

Next

3. Alternative Solvents and Reaction Media