Geophysics

Geophysics is the quantitative study of the Earth system through the application of physical principles. It investigates the planet's composition, structure, and dynamic processes, from the molten core that generates the magnetic field to the movement of tectonic plates and the circulation of the atmosphere and oceans. By analyzing phenomena such as seismic waves, gravity, and electromagnetism, geophysicists create models of the Earth's interior, explore for natural resources like minerals and water, and help mitigate the risks associated with natural hazards like earthquakes and volcanoes.

1. Introduction to Geophysics
   1. Definition and Scope of Geophysics
      1. What is Geophysics
      2. Physical Principles Applied to Earth
      3. Scale of Geophysical Phenomena
   2. Branches of Geophysics
      1. Solid Earth Geophysics
      2. Seismology
      3. Geomagnetism
      4. Gravity and Geodesy
      5. Geothermics
      6. Applied Geophysics
   3. Applications of Geophysics
      1. Natural Hazard Assessment
      2. Resource Exploration
      3. Environmental Studies
      4. Engineering Applications
      5. Climate and Global Change Studies
   4. Historical Development
      1. Early Observations
      2. Key Discoveries
      3. Evolution of Instrumentation
      4. Modern Geophysical Methods
   5. Relationship to Other Earth Sciences
      1. Integration with Geology
      2. Connections to Geochemistry
      3. Links to Oceanography
      4. Atmospheric Science Interactions
   6. Earth as a Physical System
      1. Earth's Spheres
         1. Lithosphere
         2. Hydrosphere
         3. Atmosphere
         4. Biosphere
      2. Energy Sources and Transfers
      3. System Interactions and Feedbacks