Geophysics

3.

Earth's Internal Structure

3.1.

Methods for Determining Earth Structure

3.1.1.

Seismic Methods

3.1.2.

Gravity Methods

3.1.3.

Magnetic Methods

3.1.4.

Geochemical Evidence

3.1.5.

Laboratory Studies

3.2.

3.2.1.

Continental Crust

3.2.1.1.

3.2.1.2.

Thickness Variations

3.2.1.3.

Age Distribution

3.2.1.4.

Tectonic Evolution

3.2.2.

3.2.2.1.

3.2.2.2.

3.2.2.3.

Formation Processes

3.2.2.4.

3.2.3.

Mohorovičić Discontinuity

3.2.3.1.

Discovery and Definition

3.2.3.2.

Depth Variations

3.2.3.3.

Seismic Characteristics

3.3.

3.3.1.

3.3.1.1.

3.3.1.2.

3.3.1.3.

Transition Zone

3.3.2.

3.3.2.1.

3.3.2.2.

Physical Properties

3.3.2.3.

Convection Patterns

3.3.3.

Mantle Discontinuities

3.3.3.1.

410 km Discontinuity

3.3.3.2.

660 km Discontinuity

3.4.

3.4.1.

3.4.1.1.

3.4.1.2.

3.4.1.3.

3.4.2.

3.4.2.1.

3.4.2.2.

Physical Properties

3.4.2.3.

3.4.3.

Core-Mantle Boundary

3.4.3.1.

Gutenberg Discontinuity

3.4.3.2.

3.5.

Physical Properties of Earth Materials

3.5.1.

3.5.1.1.

Measurement Methods

3.5.1.2.

Depth Variations

3.5.1.3.

Compositional Controls

3.5.2.

Elastic Properties

3.5.2.1.

Seismic Velocities

3.5.2.2.

Pressure and Temperature Effects

3.5.3.

Magnetic Properties

3.5.3.1.

Magnetic Susceptibility

3.5.3.2.

Remanent Magnetization

3.5.4.

Electrical Properties

3.5.4.1.

3.5.4.2.

Conductivity Mechanisms

3.5.5.

Thermal Properties

3.5.5.1.

Thermal Conductivity

3.5.5.2.

3.5.5.3.

Thermal Expansion

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4. Seismology