Geophysics

  1. Earth's Internal Structure
    1. Methods for Determining Earth Structure
      1. Seismic Methods
        1. Gravity Methods
          1. Magnetic Methods
            1. Geochemical Evidence
              1. Laboratory Studies
              2. The Crust
                1. Continental Crust
                  1. Composition
                    1. Thickness Variations
                      1. Age Distribution
                        1. Tectonic Evolution
                        2. Oceanic Crust
                          1. Composition
                            1. Structure
                              1. Formation Processes
                                1. Age Patterns
                                2. Mohorovičić Discontinuity
                                  1. Discovery and Definition
                                    1. Depth Variations
                                      1. Seismic Characteristics
                                    2. The Mantle
                                      1. Upper Mantle
                                        1. Lithosphere
                                          1. Asthenosphere
                                            1. Transition Zone
                                            2. Lower Mantle
                                              1. Composition
                                                1. Physical Properties
                                                  1. Convection Patterns
                                                  2. Mantle Discontinuities
                                                    1. 410 km Discontinuity
                                                      1. 660 km Discontinuity
                                                    2. The Core
                                                      1. Outer Core
                                                        1. Composition
                                                          1. Physical State
                                                            1. Dynamics
                                                            2. Inner Core
                                                              1. Composition
                                                                1. Physical Properties
                                                                  1. Anisotropy
                                                                  2. Core-Mantle Boundary
                                                                    1. Gutenberg Discontinuity
                                                                      1. D" Layer
                                                                    2. Physical Properties of Earth Materials
                                                                      1. Density
                                                                        1. Measurement Methods
                                                                          1. Depth Variations
                                                                            1. Compositional Controls
                                                                            2. Elastic Properties
                                                                              1. Seismic Velocities
                                                                                1. Pressure and Temperature Effects
                                                                                2. Magnetic Properties
                                                                                  1. Magnetic Susceptibility
                                                                                    1. Remanent Magnetization
                                                                                    2. Electrical Properties
                                                                                      1. Resistivity
                                                                                        1. Conductivity Mechanisms
                                                                                        2. Thermal Properties
                                                                                          1. Thermal Conductivity
                                                                                            1. Heat Capacity
                                                                                              1. Thermal Expansion

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                                                                                          2. Mathematical and Physical Foundations

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                                                                                          4. Seismology