Forest Mensuration and Inventory

  1. Fundamentals of Tree Measurement
    1. Tree Anatomy for Measurement Purposes
      1. Bole Structure
        1. Definition and Components
          1. Importance in Volume Estimation
            1. Stem Form Variations
            2. Crown Components
              1. Live Crown
                1. Dead Crown
                  1. Crown Dimensions
                  2. Root Systems
                    1. Structural Roots
                      1. Feeder Roots
                        1. Influence on Tree Stability
                        2. Bark Characteristics
                          1. Outer Bark
                            1. Inner Bark
                              1. Species Variations
                            2. Measurement of Tree Diameter
                              1. Diameter at Breast Height
                                1. Standard Definition
                                  1. Height Specifications
                                    1. 4.5 Feet Above Ground
                                      1. 1.3 Meters Above Ground
                                      2. International Standards
                                        1. Regional Variations
                                        2. Special Diameter Measurement Situations
                                          1. Sloping Ground Procedures
                                            1. Uphill Side Measurement
                                              1. Slope Corrections
                                              2. Irregular Trees
                                                1. Forked Trees
                                                  1. Leaning Trees
                                                    1. Buttressed Trees
                                                      1. Swollen Areas
                                                      2. Multiple Stems
                                                        1. Measurement Protocols
                                                          1. Recording Procedures
                                                        2. Diameter Measurement Instruments
                                                          1. Diameter Tape
                                                            1. Construction and Principles
                                                              1. Proper Use Techniques
                                                                1. Maintenance Requirements
                                                                  1. Reading and Recording
                                                                  2. Calipers
                                                                    1. Tree Calipers
                                                                      1. Digital Calipers
                                                                        1. Proper Positioning
                                                                          1. Accuracy Considerations
                                                                          2. Biltmore Stick
                                                                            1. Scale Reading
                                                                              1. Distance Requirements
                                                                                1. Limitations and Errors
                                                                                2. Electronic Dendrometers
                                                                                  1. Digital Measurement
                                                                                    1. Data Logging Capabilities
                                                                                      1. Calibration Procedures
                                                                                    2. Upper Stem Diameters
                                                                                      1. Measurement Techniques
                                                                                        1. Optical Instruments
                                                                                          1. Climbing Methods
                                                                                            1. Remote Sensing Applications
                                                                                          2. Measurement of Tree Height
                                                                                            1. Height Definitions
                                                                                              1. Total Height
                                                                                                1. Merchantable Height
                                                                                                  1. Top Diameter Limits
                                                                                                    1. Defect Considerations
                                                                                                    2. Stump Height
                                                                                                      1. Bole Height
                                                                                                        1. Crown Length
                                                                                                          1. Live Crown Length
                                                                                                          2. Direct Measurement Methods
                                                                                                            1. Pole and Tape Methods
                                                                                                              1. Climbing Techniques
                                                                                                                1. Drop Line Methods
                                                                                                                  1. Limitations and Applications
                                                                                                                  2. Indirect Measurement Methods
                                                                                                                    1. Trigonometric Principles
                                                                                                                      1. Similar Triangles
                                                                                                                        1. Tangent Functions
                                                                                                                          1. Angle Measurements
                                                                                                                          2. Distance Measurements
                                                                                                                            1. Horizontal Distance
                                                                                                                              1. Slope Distance
                                                                                                                                1. Distance Corrections
                                                                                                                              2. Height Measurement Instruments
                                                                                                                                1. Clinometers
                                                                                                                                  1. Suunto Clinometer
                                                                                                                                    1. Abney Level
                                                                                                                                      1. Reading Procedures
                                                                                                                                        1. Angle Calculations
                                                                                                                                        2. Hypsometers
                                                                                                                                          1. Haga Altimeter
                                                                                                                                            1. Blume-Leiss Altimeter
                                                                                                                                              1. Operating Principles
                                                                                                                                              2. Laser Rangefinders
                                                                                                                                                1. Laser Hypsometers
                                                                                                                                                  1. Measurement Procedures
                                                                                                                                                    1. Accuracy and Limitations
                                                                                                                                                    2. Biltmore Stick Height Scale
                                                                                                                                                      1. Scale Application
                                                                                                                                                        1. Distance Requirements
                                                                                                                                                      2. Height Measurement Errors
                                                                                                                                                        1. Observer Errors
                                                                                                                                                          1. Instrument Errors
                                                                                                                                                            1. Environmental Factors
                                                                                                                                                              1. Tree Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                1. Lean Corrections
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Crown Obstruction
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Broken Tops
                                                                                                                                                                2. Measurement of Tree Age
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Destructive Age Determination
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Stump Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Disk Collection
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Ring Counting Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Cross-Dating Methods
                                                                                                                                                                          2. Non-Destructive Age Determination
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Increment Boring
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Increment Borer Types
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Boring Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Core Extraction
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Borer Maintenance
                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Core Processing
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Core Mounting
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Surface Preparation
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Ring Identification
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Counting Procedures
                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Age Estimation Challenges
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Missing Rings
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. False Rings
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Reaction Wood
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Decay and Defects
                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Age-Growth Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Site Effects on Growth
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Species Variations
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Environmental Influences
                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Bark Thickness Measurement
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Bark Gauge Use
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Swedish Bark Gauge
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Measurement Procedures
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Calibration Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Bark Thickness Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Species-Specific Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Age and Size Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Seasonal Variations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Inside vs Outside Bark Measurements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Diameter Inside Bark Calculation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Volume Implications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Scaling Applications

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Introduction to Forest Mensuration

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                      3. Tree Form, Taper, and Volume Estimation