Flow in Porous Media and Open Channels

  1. Flow in Porous Media
    1. Introduction to Porous Media
      1. Definition of Porous Media
        1. Natural Occurrence
          1. Engineering Applications
            1. Characteristics of Porous Materials
              1. Porosity
                1. Total Porosity
                  1. Effective Porosity
                    1. Primary Porosity
                      1. Secondary Porosity
                        1. Measurement Methods
                        2. Void Ratio
                          1. Definition and Calculation
                            1. Relationship to Porosity
                            2. Degree of Saturation
                              1. Definition and Importance
                                1. Partial Saturation Effects
                              2. Types of Porous Media
                                1. Unconsolidated Media
                                  1. Sands
                                    1. Gravels
                                      1. Clays
                                      2. Consolidated Media
                                        1. Sandstone
                                          1. Limestone
                                            1. Shale
                                            2. Fractured Rock
                                              1. Fracture Networks
                                                1. Dual-Porosity Systems
                                                  1. Matrix-Fracture Interaction
                                                2. Pore Structure
                                                  1. Pore Size Distribution
                                                    1. Pore Connectivity
                                                      1. Tortuosity
                                                    2. Governing Principles of Single-Phase Flow
                                                      1. Darcy's Law
                                                        1. Historical Development
                                                          1. Experimental Basis
                                                            1. Mathematical Formulation
                                                              1. One-Dimensional Form
                                                                1. Three-Dimensional Form
                                                                2. Validity and Limitations
                                                                  1. Range of Applicability
                                                                    1. Non-Darcy Flow
                                                                    2. Hydraulic Head
                                                                      1. Elevation Head
                                                                        1. Pressure Head
                                                                          1. Total Head
                                                                            1. Measurement Methods
                                                                            2. Hydraulic Gradient
                                                                              1. Definition and Calculation
                                                                                1. Direction of Flow
                                                                                  1. Gradient Determination
                                                                                  2. Hydraulic Conductivity
                                                                                    1. Definition and Units
                                                                                      1. Laboratory Measurement
                                                                                        1. Constant Head Test
                                                                                          1. Falling Head Test
                                                                                          2. Field Measurement
                                                                                            1. Slug Tests
                                                                                              1. Pumping Tests
                                                                                              2. Factors Affecting Conductivity
                                                                                                1. Grain Size Distribution
                                                                                                  1. Pore Structure
                                                                                                    1. Fluid Properties
                                                                                                      1. Temperature Effects
                                                                                                    2. Intrinsic Permeability
                                                                                                      1. Definition and Units
                                                                                                        1. Relationship to Hydraulic Conductivity
                                                                                                          1. Measurement Methods
                                                                                                            1. Permeability Tensor
                                                                                                            2. Transmissivity
                                                                                                              1. Definition and Calculation
                                                                                                                1. Significance in Aquifer Analysis
                                                                                                                  1. Heterogeneity Effects
                                                                                                                  2. Storage Properties
                                                                                                                    1. Storativity
                                                                                                                      1. Definition and Types
                                                                                                                        1. Confined Aquifer Storage
                                                                                                                          1. Unconfined Aquifer Storage
                                                                                                                          2. Specific Storage
                                                                                                                            1. Definition and Calculation
                                                                                                                              1. Compressibility Effects
                                                                                                                              2. Specific Yield
                                                                                                                                1. Definition and Measurement
                                                                                                                                  1. Factors Affecting Yield
                                                                                                                              3. Steady-State Seepage
                                                                                                                                1. One-Dimensional Flow
                                                                                                                                  1. Flow through Confined Aquifers
                                                                                                                                    1. Governing Equations
                                                                                                                                      1. Boundary Conditions
                                                                                                                                        1. Analytical Solutions
                                                                                                                                        2. Flow through Unconfined Aquifers
                                                                                                                                          1. Governing Equations
                                                                                                                                            1. Phreatic Surface
                                                                                                                                              1. Dupuit Assumptions
                                                                                                                                              2. Flow through Layered Soils
                                                                                                                                                1. Series Flow
                                                                                                                                                  1. Parallel Flow
                                                                                                                                                    1. Equivalent Hydraulic Conductivity
                                                                                                                                                  2. Two-Dimensional Flow
                                                                                                                                                    1. Laplace Equation for Flow
                                                                                                                                                      1. Boundary Conditions
                                                                                                                                                        1. Prescribed Head
                                                                                                                                                          1. Prescribed Flow
                                                                                                                                                            1. Seepage Face
                                                                                                                                                            2. Anisotropy
                                                                                                                                                              1. Principal Directions
                                                                                                                                                                1. Transformation Methods
                                                                                                                                                                2. Heterogeneity
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Layered Media
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Non-Uniform Media
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Statistical Approaches
                                                                                                                                                                    2. Flow Nets
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Principles of Construction
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Graphical Construction Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Properties of Flow Nets
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Equipotential Lines
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Flow Lines
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Orthogonality
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Calculation of Seepage Rate
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Calculation of Pore Water Pressure
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Use in Engineering Design
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Limitations and Accuracy
                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Applications of Steady Seepage
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Seepage under Dams
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Flow Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Uplift Pressure
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Seepage Control Measures
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Exit Gradient
                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Seepage under Weirs
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Flow Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Design Considerations
                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Seepage into Excavations
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Dewatering Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Stability Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Well Hydraulics
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Steady-State Well Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Confined Aquifer Wells
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Unconfined Aquifer Wells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Well Interference
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Multiple Well Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Unsteady-State Seepage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Governing Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Diffusion Equation Derivation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Physical Meaning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Initial Conditions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Boundary Conditions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Flow to Wells in Confined Aquifers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Theis Solution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Assumptions and Limitations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Well Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Application to Pumping Tests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Cooper-Jacob Method
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Simplified Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Straight-Line Method
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Recovery Tests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Residual Drawdown
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Analysis Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Flow to Wells in Unconfined Aquifers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Delayed Yield Concepts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Water Table Response
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Neuman Solution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Analysis Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Aquifer Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Pumping Test Design
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Test Duration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Pumping Rate Selection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Observation Well Placement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Data Analysis Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Type Curve Matching
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Straight-Line Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Determination of Hydraulic Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Transmissivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Storage Coefficient
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Leakage Parameters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Boundary Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Image Well Theory
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Barrier Boundaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Recharge Boundaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Multiphase Flow in Porous Media
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Fundamental Concepts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Fluid Saturation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Water Saturation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Oil Saturation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Gas Saturation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Saturation Constraints
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Capillary Pressure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Definition and Measurement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Capillary Pressure Curves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Hysteresis Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Wettability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Contact Angle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Wetting and Non-Wetting Phases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Effects on Flow
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Relative Permeability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Definition and Measurement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Dependence on Saturation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. End-Point Values
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Hysteresis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Two-Phase Flow
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Governing Equations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Fractional Flow Theory
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Displacement Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Drainage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Imbibition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Immiscible Displacement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Buckley-Leverett Theory
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Fractional Flow Curves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Shock Fronts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Breakthrough Time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Frontal Advance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Displacement Efficiency
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Sweep Efficiency
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Applications in Petroleum Engineering
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Oil Recovery Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Primary Recovery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Secondary Recovery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Enhanced Oil Recovery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Waterflooding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Injection Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Sweep Efficiency
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Applications in Environmental Engineering
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. NAPL Transport
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Contaminant Remediation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Soil Vapor Extraction

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              3. Open-Channel Flow