Experimental Physics

7.

Advanced Experimental Techniques

7.1.

Particle Physics Experiments

7.1.1.

Particle Accelerators

7.1.1.1.

Linear Accelerators

7.1.1.1.1.

RF Acceleration

7.1.1.1.2.

7.1.1.2.

Circular Accelerators

7.1.1.2.1.

7.1.1.2.2.

7.1.1.2.3.

7.1.1.3.

Colliding Beam Experiments

7.1.2.

Particle Detectors

7.1.2.1.

Tracking Detectors

7.1.2.1.1.

7.1.2.1.2.

Silicon Strip Detectors

7.1.2.1.3.

Time Projection Chambers

7.1.2.2.

7.1.2.2.1.

Electromagnetic Calorimeters

7.1.2.2.2.

Hadronic Calorimeters

7.1.2.2.3.

Energy Resolution

7.1.2.3.

Cherenkov Detectors

7.1.2.3.1.

Threshold Cherenkov Detectors

7.1.2.3.2.

Ring Imaging Cherenkov Detectors

7.1.2.4.

Time-of-Flight Detectors

7.1.2.5.

Muon Detection Systems

7.1.3.

Trigger and Data Acquisition Systems

7.1.3.1.

Hardware Triggers

7.1.3.2.

Software Triggers

7.1.3.3.

Data Reduction Techniques

7.2.

Condensed Matter Physics Techniques

7.2.1.

X-ray Diffraction

7.2.1.1.

Principles of XRD

7.2.1.1.1.

7.2.1.1.2.

Crystal Structure Analysis

7.2.1.2.

Powder Diffraction

7.2.1.3.

Single Crystal Diffraction

7.2.1.4.

Data Interpretation

7.2.1.4.1.

7.2.1.4.2.

Structure Refinement

7.2.2.

Neutron Scattering

7.2.2.1.

Elastic Scattering

7.2.2.1.1.

Structure Determination

7.2.2.1.2.

Magnetic Scattering

7.2.2.2.

Inelastic Scattering

7.2.2.2.1.

Phonon Spectroscopy

7.2.2.2.2.

Magnetic Excitations

7.2.2.3.

Small Angle Neutron Scattering

7.2.2.4.

Instrumentation

7.2.2.4.1.

Reactor Sources

7.2.2.4.2.

Spallation Sources

7.2.3.

Scanning Probe Microscopy

7.2.3.1.

Scanning Tunneling Microscopy

7.2.3.1.1.

Tunneling Current

7.2.3.1.2.

Atomic Resolution Imaging

7.2.3.1.3.

Spectroscopy Modes

7.2.3.2.

Atomic Force Microscopy

7.2.3.2.1.

7.2.3.2.2.

Non-contact Mode

7.2.3.2.3.

7.2.3.2.4.

Force Spectroscopy

7.2.3.3.

Other Scanning Probe Techniques

7.2.3.3.1.

Magnetic Force Microscopy

7.2.3.3.2.

Electrostatic Force Microscopy

7.2.4.

Electron Microscopy

7.2.4.1.

Scanning Electron Microscopy

7.2.4.1.1.

Electron-Sample Interactions

7.2.4.1.2.

Secondary Electron Imaging

7.2.4.1.3.

Backscattered Electron Imaging

7.2.4.2.

Transmission Electron Microscopy

7.2.4.2.1.

Bright Field Imaging

7.2.4.2.2.

Dark Field Imaging

7.2.4.2.3.

Electron Diffraction

7.2.4.2.4.

High Resolution TEM

7.2.4.3.

Sample Preparation Techniques

7.2.5.

Magnetic Resonance

7.2.5.1.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

7.2.5.1.1.

Chemical Shifts

7.2.5.1.2.

Spin-Spin Coupling

7.2.5.1.3.

Relaxation Times

7.2.5.2.

Electron Spin Resonance

7.2.5.2.1.

g-factor Measurements

7.2.5.2.2.

Hyperfine Interactions

7.2.5.2.3.

7.2.5.3.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

7.2.6.

Electrical Transport Measurements

7.2.6.1.

Four-Point Probe Method

7.2.6.1.1.

Van der Pauw Technique

7.2.6.1.2.

Resistivity Measurements

7.2.6.2.

Hall Effect Measurements

7.2.6.2.1.

Carrier Concentration

7.2.6.2.2.

Mobility Determination

7.2.6.3.

Magnetoresistance

7.2.6.4.

AC Transport Measurements

7.3.

Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics Techniques

7.3.1.

Laser Spectroscopy

7.3.1.1.

Absorption Spectroscopy

7.3.1.1.1.

Beer-Lambert Law

7.3.1.1.2.

Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy

7.3.1.2.

Emission Spectroscopy

7.3.1.2.1.

7.3.1.2.2.

Phosphorescence

7.3.1.3.

Doppler-Free Techniques

7.3.1.3.1.

Saturated Absorption

7.3.1.3.2.

Two-Photon Spectroscopy

7.3.1.4.

Time-Resolved Spectroscopy

7.3.1.4.1.

Pump-Probe Techniques

7.3.1.4.2.

Femtosecond Spectroscopy

7.3.2.

Ion and Atom Trapping

7.3.2.1.

7.3.2.1.1.

RF Quadrupole Traps

7.3.2.1.2.

Linear Ion Traps

7.3.2.2.

7.3.2.2.1.

Magnetic Confinement

7.3.2.2.2.

Precision Mass Spectrometry

7.3.2.3.

Magneto-Optical Traps

7.3.2.3.1.

Doppler Cooling

7.3.2.3.2.

Optical Molasses

7.3.2.4.

Optical Dipole Traps

7.3.3.

Laser Cooling and Trapping

7.3.3.1.

Doppler Cooling

7.3.3.1.1.

Radiation Pressure

7.3.3.1.2.

7.3.3.2.

Sub-Doppler Techniques

7.3.3.2.1.

Sisyphus Cooling

7.3.3.2.2.

Velocity-Selective Coherent Population Trapping

7.3.3.3.

Evaporative Cooling

7.3.3.4.

Bose-Einstein Condensation

7.3.4.

Quantum Optics Experiments

7.3.4.1.

Single Photon Detection

7.3.4.2.

Photon Correlation Measurements

7.3.4.3.

Quantum Interference

7.3.4.4.

Entanglement Generation and Detection

7.4.

Astrophysics and Cosmology Experiments

7.4.1.

7.4.1.1.

Optical Telescopes

7.4.1.1.1.

Reflecting Telescopes

7.4.1.1.2.

Refracting Telescopes

7.4.1.1.3.

Adaptive Optics

7.4.1.2.

Radio Telescopes

7.4.1.2.1.

Single Dish Telescopes

7.4.1.2.2.

Interferometry Arrays

7.4.1.2.3.

Very Long Baseline Interferometry

7.4.1.3.

X-ray Telescopes

7.4.1.3.1.

Grazing Incidence Optics

7.4.1.3.2.

Focusing Systems

7.4.1.4.

Gamma-ray Telescopes

7.4.1.4.1.

Compton Telescopes

7.4.1.4.2.

Pair Production Telescopes

7.4.2.

Gravitational Wave Detectors

7.4.2.1.

7.4.2.1.1.

Laser Interferometry

7.4.2.1.2.

Noise Sources and Mitigation

7.4.2.2.

7.4.2.3.

Detection Principles

7.4.2.3.1.

Strain Sensitivity

7.4.2.3.2.

Data Analysis Techniques

7.4.2.4.

Future Detectors

7.4.2.4.1.

Space-based Detectors

7.4.2.4.2.

Third-Generation Ground-based Detectors

7.4.3.

Cosmic Microwave Background Experiments

7.4.3.1.

Satellite Missions

7.4.3.1.1.

7.4.3.1.2.

7.4.3.2.

Ground-Based Observations

7.4.3.2.1.

Atmospheric Effects

7.4.3.2.2.

Foreground Subtraction

7.4.3.3.

Polarization Measurements

7.4.3.4.

Data Analysis and Cosmological Parameters

7.4.4.

Dark Matter Detection

7.4.4.1.

Direct Detection Experiments

7.4.4.1.1.

Cryogenic Detectors

7.4.4.1.2.

Noble Liquid Detectors

7.4.4.2.

Indirect Detection

7.4.4.2.1.

Gamma-ray Observations

7.4.4.2.2.

Neutrino Telescopes

7.4.4.3.

Collider Searches

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8. Communication of Results and Professional Practice