Experimental Physics

  1. Instrumentation and Apparatus
    1. Sensors and Transducers
      1. Principles of Transduction
        1. Conversion of Physical Quantities to Electrical Signals
          1. Sensitivity and Linearity
            1. Dynamic Range
              1. Response Time
              2. Temperature Sensors
                1. Thermocouples
                  1. Types and Characteristics
                    1. Cold Junction Compensation
                      1. Calibration
                      2. Resistance Temperature Detectors
                        1. Platinum RTDs
                          1. Temperature Coefficients
                            1. Four-Wire Measurements
                            2. Thermistors
                              1. NTC and PTC Types
                                1. Steinhart-Hart Equation
                                2. Infrared Thermometers
                                3. Pressure Sensors
                                  1. Mechanical Gauges
                                    1. Bourdon Tubes
                                      1. Diaphragm Gauges
                                      2. Electronic Transducers
                                        1. Piezoresistive Sensors
                                          1. Capacitive Sensors
                                            1. Strain Gauge Sensors
                                          2. Position and Displacement Sensors
                                            1. Linear Variable Differential Transformers
                                              1. Potentiometers
                                                1. Encoders
                                                  1. Optical Encoders
                                                    1. Magnetic Encoders
                                                    2. Interferometric Position Sensors
                                                    3. Light Sensors
                                                      1. Photodiodes
                                                        1. Silicon Photodiodes
                                                          1. Avalanche Photodiodes
                                                          2. Photomultiplier Tubes
                                                            1. Operating Principles
                                                              1. Gain and Dark Current
                                                              2. Charge-Coupled Devices
                                                                1. CCD Architecture
                                                                  1. Quantum Efficiency
                                                                  2. Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductors
                                                                  3. Magnetic Field Sensors
                                                                    1. Hall Effect Probes
                                                                      1. Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices
                                                                        1. Fluxgate Magnetometers
                                                                          1. Search Coils
                                                                        2. Signal Conditioning and Processing
                                                                          1. Amplification
                                                                            1. Operational Amplifiers
                                                                              1. Inverting and Non-inverting Configurations
                                                                                1. Offset and Drift
                                                                                2. Instrumentation Amplifiers
                                                                                  1. Common Mode Rejection
                                                                                    1. Differential Measurements
                                                                                    2. Charge Amplifiers
                                                                                    3. Filtering
                                                                                      1. Low-pass Filters
                                                                                        1. High-pass Filters
                                                                                          1. Band-pass Filters
                                                                                            1. Notch Filters
                                                                                              1. Active vs. Passive Filters
                                                                                              2. Analog-to-Digital Conversion
                                                                                                1. Resolution and Sampling Rate
                                                                                                  1. Quantization Error
                                                                                                    1. Successive Approximation ADCs
                                                                                                      1. Delta-Sigma ADCs
                                                                                                      2. Digital-to-Analog Conversion
                                                                                                        1. Resolution and Linearity
                                                                                                          1. R-2R Ladder DACs
                                                                                                            1. Current Steering DACs
                                                                                                          2. Common Laboratory Equipment
                                                                                                            1. Power Supplies
                                                                                                              1. DC Power Supplies
                                                                                                                1. Linear Regulators
                                                                                                                  1. Switching Regulators
                                                                                                                    1. Programmable Power Supplies
                                                                                                                    2. AC Power Supplies
                                                                                                                      1. Battery Systems
                                                                                                                      2. Oscilloscopes
                                                                                                                        1. Analog Oscilloscopes
                                                                                                                          1. Digital Storage Oscilloscopes
                                                                                                                            1. Mixed Signal Oscilloscopes
                                                                                                                              1. Bandwidth and Sampling Rate
                                                                                                                                1. Triggering Systems
                                                                                                                                2. Multimeters
                                                                                                                                  1. Digital Multimeters
                                                                                                                                    1. Voltage Measurement
                                                                                                                                      1. Current Measurement
                                                                                                                                        1. Resistance Measurement
                                                                                                                                          1. Accuracy and Resolution
                                                                                                                                          2. Function Generators
                                                                                                                                            1. Waveform Types
                                                                                                                                              1. Sine Waves
                                                                                                                                                1. Square Waves
                                                                                                                                                  1. Triangle Waves
                                                                                                                                                    1. Arbitrary Waveforms
                                                                                                                                                    2. Frequency and Amplitude Control
                                                                                                                                                      1. Modulation Capabilities
                                                                                                                                                      2. Lock-in Amplifiers
                                                                                                                                                        1. Principle of Operation
                                                                                                                                                          1. Phase-Sensitive Detection
                                                                                                                                                            1. Applications in Low Signal Detection
                                                                                                                                                              1. Time Constants and Filtering
                                                                                                                                                              2. Spectrum Analyzers
                                                                                                                                                                1. Frequency Domain Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Resolution Bandwidth
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Dynamic Range
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Vacuum Technology
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Principles of Vacuum
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Pressure Ranges
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Rough Vacuum
                                                                                                                                                                          1. High Vacuum
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Ultra-high Vacuum
                                                                                                                                                                            2. Gas Flow Regimes
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Viscous Flow
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Molecular Flow
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Outgassing and Desorption
                                                                                                                                                                                3. Vacuum Pumps
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Roughing Pumps
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Rotary Vane Pumps
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Diaphragm Pumps
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Scroll Pumps
                                                                                                                                                                                        2. High-Vacuum Pumps
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Turbomolecular Pumps
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Diffusion Pumps
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Ion Pumps
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Titanium Sublimation Pumps
                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Pump Selection and Sizing
                                                                                                                                                                                                3. Vacuum Gauges
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Pirani Gauges
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Ionization Gauges
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Hot Cathode Gauges
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Cold Cathode Gauges
                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Capacitance Manometers
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Spinning Rotor Gauges
                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. System Design and Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Vacuum-Compatible Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Leak Detection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Helium Leak Detection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Pressure Rise Tests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Sealing Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. O-rings and Gaskets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Metal Seals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Vacuum Chambers and Feedthroughs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Cryogenics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Properties of Cryogenic Fluids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Liquid Nitrogen
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Boiling Point and Density
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Safety Considerations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Liquid Helium
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Normal and Superfluid Phases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Cooling Power
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Dry Ice and Solid Nitrogen
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                3. Cryostats and Dewars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Bath Cryostats
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Continuous Flow Cryostats
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Closed-Cycle Refrigerators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Safe Handling and Storage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Low-Temperature Measurement Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Resistance Thermometry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Carbon Resistors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Germanium Resistors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Diode Thermometers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Calorimetry at Low Temperatures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Thermal Anchoring and Heat Sinking
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Optics and Photonics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Light Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Lasers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Gas Lasers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Solid-State Lasers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Semiconductor Lasers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Laser Safety
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Light Emitting Diodes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Arc Lamps
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Blackbody Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Optical Components
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Lenses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Spherical and Aspherical Lenses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Achromatic Lenses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Mirrors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Plane Mirrors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Spherical Mirrors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Parabolic Mirrors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Filters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Neutral Density Filters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Color Filters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Interference Filters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Polarizers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Linear Polarizers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Circular Polarizers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Beam Splitters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Cube Beam Splitters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Plate Beam Splitters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Prisms and Gratings
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          3. Spectrometers and Monochromators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Grating Spectrometers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Prism Spectrometers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Fourier Transform Spectrometers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Wavelength Selection and Resolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Interferometers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Michelson Interferometer
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Fabry-Perot Interferometer
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Mach-Zehnder Interferometer
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Applications in Metrology

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      3. Experimental Design and Methodology

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Go to top

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      5. Data Acquisition