Ethical Hacking

2.

Networking Fundamentals for Hackers

2.1.

OSI Reference Model

2.1.1.

2.1.1.1.

Transmission Media

2.1.1.1.1.

2.1.1.1.2.

Fiber Optic Cables

2.1.1.1.3.

Wireless Transmission

2.1.1.2.

Physical Topologies

2.1.1.2.1.

2.1.1.2.2.

2.1.1.2.3.

2.1.1.2.4.

2.1.1.3.

Signal Encoding

2.1.1.3.1.

Digital Encoding

2.1.1.3.2.

Analog Encoding

2.1.1.3.3.

Modulation Techniques

2.1.2.

Data Link Layer

2.1.2.1.

2.1.2.1.1.

Address Structure

2.1.2.1.2.

Address Assignment

2.1.2.1.3.

Address Resolution

2.1.2.2.

Ethernet Standards

2.1.2.2.1.

Frame Structure

2.1.2.2.2.

CSMA/CD Protocol

2.1.2.2.3.

Switching Concepts

2.1.2.3.

Wireless Data Link

2.1.2.3.1.

802.11 Frame Structure

2.1.2.3.2.

Wireless Access Methods

2.1.3.

2.1.3.1.

2.1.3.1.1.

IPv4 Addressing

2.1.3.1.2.

IPv6 Addressing

2.1.3.1.3.

Address Classes

2.1.3.1.4.

Private Address Ranges

2.1.3.2.

Routing Protocols

2.1.3.2.1.

2.1.3.2.2.

Dynamic Routing

2.1.3.2.3.

Interior Gateway Protocols

2.1.3.2.4.

Exterior Gateway Protocols

2.1.3.3.

Subnetting and VLSMs

2.1.3.3.1.

Subnet Mask Calculation

2.1.3.3.2.

Variable Length Subnet Masks

2.1.3.3.3.

2.1.4.

Transport Layer

2.1.4.1.

2.1.4.1.1.

Connection Establishment

2.1.4.1.2.

Reliable Data Transfer

2.1.4.1.3.

2.1.4.1.4.

Congestion Control

2.1.4.2.

2.1.4.2.1.

Connectionless Communication

2.1.4.2.2.

UDP Header Structure

2.1.4.2.3.

Use Cases and Applications

2.1.4.3.

2.1.4.3.1.

Well-Known Ports

2.1.4.3.2.

Registered Ports

2.1.4.3.3.

2.1.5.

2.1.5.1.

Session Management

2.1.5.1.1.

Session Establishment

2.1.5.1.2.

Session Maintenance

2.1.5.1.3.

Session Termination

2.1.5.2.

Session Protocols

2.1.5.2.1.

2.1.5.2.2.

2.1.5.2.3.

2.1.6.

Presentation Layer

2.1.6.1.

Data Representation

2.1.6.1.1.

Character Encoding

2.1.6.1.2.

Data Compression

2.1.6.1.3.

Data Encryption

2.1.6.2.

Protocol Translation

2.1.6.2.1.

Format Conversion

2.1.6.2.2.

Syntax Translation

2.1.7.

Application Layer

2.1.7.1.

Application Protocols

2.1.7.1.1.

2.1.7.1.2.

2.1.7.1.3.

2.1.7.1.4.

2.1.7.1.5.

2.1.7.1.6.

2.1.7.2.

Application Services

2.1.7.2.1.

Directory Services

2.1.7.2.2.

2.1.7.2.3.

2.2.

TCP/IP Protocol Suite

2.2.1.

Network Access Layer

2.2.1.1.

Ethernet Protocol

2.2.1.1.1.

2.2.1.1.2.

2.2.1.1.3.

Collision Detection

2.2.1.2.

Wireless Protocols

2.2.1.2.1.

802.11 Standards

2.2.1.2.2.

Wireless Security

2.2.1.3.

Point-to-Point Protocol

2.2.1.3.1.

PPP Frame Structure

2.2.1.3.2.

Authentication Methods

2.2.2.

2.2.2.1.

Internet Protocol

2.2.2.1.1.

2.2.2.1.2.

2.2.2.1.3.

IP Header Analysis

2.2.2.2.

Internet Control Message Protocol

2.2.2.2.1.

ICMP Message Types

2.2.2.2.2.

Ping and Traceroute

2.2.2.2.3.

Error Reporting

2.2.2.3.

Address Resolution Protocol

2.2.2.3.1.

2.2.2.3.2.

2.2.2.3.3.

2.2.3.

Transport Layer

2.2.3.1.

Transmission Control Protocol

2.2.3.1.1.

TCP Header Structure

2.2.3.1.2.

Three-Way Handshake

2.2.3.1.3.

Connection Termination

2.2.3.1.4.

TCP State Machine

2.2.3.2.

User Datagram Protocol

2.2.3.2.1.

UDP Header Structure

2.2.3.2.2.

UDP Applications

2.2.3.2.3.

UDP vs TCP Comparison

2.2.4.

Application Layer

2.2.4.1.

Hypertext Transfer Protocol

2.2.4.1.1.

2.2.4.1.2.

2.2.4.1.3.

Headers and Cookies

2.2.4.2.

2.2.4.2.1.

TLS/SSL Encryption

2.2.4.2.2.

Certificate Validation

2.2.4.2.3.

HTTPS Implementation

2.2.4.3.

Domain Name System

2.2.4.3.1.

2.2.4.3.2.

DNS Record Types

2.2.4.3.3.

DNS Resolution Process

2.2.4.4.

File Transfer Protocol

2.2.4.4.1.

2.2.4.4.2.

Active vs Passive Mode

2.2.4.4.3.

Secure FTP Variants

2.3.

Network Architecture Components

2.3.1.

Switching Infrastructure

2.3.1.1.

Layer 2 Switches

2.3.1.1.1.

MAC Address Learning

2.3.1.1.2.

VLAN Implementation

2.3.1.1.3.

Spanning Tree Protocol

2.3.1.2.

Layer 3 Switches

2.3.1.2.1.

Inter-VLAN Routing

2.3.1.2.2.

Routing Table Management

2.3.1.3.

Switch Security Features

2.3.1.3.1.

2.3.1.3.2.

2.3.1.3.3.

Dynamic ARP Inspection

2.3.2.

Routing Infrastructure

2.3.2.1.

Router Functions

2.3.2.1.1.

Packet Forwarding

2.3.2.1.2.

Path Determination

2.3.2.1.3.

Network Address Translation

2.3.2.2.

Routing Protocols

2.3.2.2.1.

2.3.2.2.2.

2.3.2.2.3.

2.3.2.2.4.

2.3.2.3.

Router Security

2.3.2.3.1.

Access Control Lists

2.3.2.3.2.

Route Filtering

2.3.2.3.3.

2.3.3.

Security Appliances

2.3.3.1.

2.3.3.1.1.

Packet Filtering Firewalls

2.3.3.1.2.

Stateful Inspection Firewalls

2.3.3.1.3.

Next-Generation Firewalls

2.3.3.1.4.

Firewall Rules and Policies

2.3.3.2.

Intrusion Detection Systems

2.3.3.2.1.

Network-Based IDS

2.3.3.2.2.

2.3.3.2.3.

Signature-Based Detection

2.3.3.2.4.

Anomaly-Based Detection

2.3.3.3.

Intrusion Prevention Systems

2.3.3.3.1.

Inline Deployment

2.3.3.3.2.

Prevention Techniques

2.3.3.3.3.

Response Actions

2.3.3.4.

Unified Threat Management

2.3.3.4.1.

Integrated Security Features

2.3.3.4.2.

Centralized Management

2.3.4.

Remote Access Technologies

2.3.4.1.

Virtual Private Networks

2.3.4.1.1.

Site-to-Site VPNs

2.3.4.1.2.

Remote Access VPNs

2.3.4.1.3.

2.3.4.1.4.

2.3.4.2.

2.3.4.2.1.

Forward Proxies

2.3.4.2.2.

Reverse Proxies

2.3.4.2.3.

Transparent Proxies

2.3.4.2.4.

Proxy Authentication

2.4.

IP Addressing and Subnetting

2.4.1.

IPv4 Addressing

2.4.1.1.

Address Structure

2.4.1.1.1.

Network and Host Portions

2.4.1.1.2.

Dotted Decimal Notation

2.4.1.1.3.

Binary Representation

2.4.1.2.

Address Classes

2.4.1.2.1.

Class A Networks

2.4.1.2.2.

Class B Networks

2.4.1.2.3.

Class C Networks

2.4.1.2.4.

Class D and E Networks

2.4.1.3.

Special Address Ranges

2.4.1.3.1.

Private Address Ranges

2.4.1.3.2.

Loopback Addresses

2.4.1.3.3.

Link-Local Addresses

2.4.1.3.4.

Multicast Addresses

2.4.2.

IPv6 Addressing

2.4.2.1.

Address Structure

2.4.2.1.1.

Hexadecimal Notation

2.4.2.1.2.

Address Compression

2.4.2.1.3.

Prefix Notation

2.4.2.2.

2.4.2.2.1.

Unicast Addresses

2.4.2.2.2.

Multicast Addresses

2.4.2.2.3.

Anycast Addresses

2.4.2.3.

IPv6 Transition Mechanisms

2.4.2.3.1.

2.4.2.3.2.

2.4.2.3.3.

2.4.3.

Subnetting Concepts

2.4.3.1.

2.4.3.1.1.

Default Subnet Masks

2.4.3.1.2.

Custom Subnet Masks

2.4.3.1.3.

2.4.3.2.

Subnetting Calculations

2.4.3.2.1.

Number of Subnets

2.4.3.2.2.

Number of Hosts

2.4.3.2.3.

2.4.3.3.

Variable Length Subnet Masking

2.4.3.3.1.

2.4.3.3.2.

2.4.3.3.3.

Route Summarization

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1. Foundations of Ethical Hacking

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3. The Ethical Hacking Methodology