Environmental Remediation

  1. Remediation Technologies
    1. Physical Treatment Methods
      1. Excavation and Disposal
        1. Excavation Techniques
          1. Off-site Disposal Options
            1. On-site Containment
              1. Waste Classification and Characterization
              2. Capping and Containment Systems
                1. Cap Materials and Design
                  1. Clay Caps
                    1. Synthetic Membrane Caps
                      1. Composite Caps
                      2. Vertical Barriers
                        1. Slurry Walls
                          1. Sheet Piles
                            1. Grout Curtains
                          2. Soil Vapor Extraction (SVE)
                            1. System Components
                              1. Extraction Wells
                                1. Vacuum Blowers
                                  1. Treatment Systems
                                  2. Applicability and Limitations
                                    1. Performance Monitoring
                                    2. Air Sparging
                                      1. System Design
                                        1. Coupling with SVE
                                          1. Radius of Influence
                                          2. Pump-and-Treat Systems for Groundwater
                                            1. Extraction Well Design
                                              1. Treatment Technologies
                                                1. Air Stripping
                                                  1. Carbon Adsorption
                                                    1. Biological Treatment
                                                    2. Reinjection Systems
                                                    3. Physical Separation
                                                      1. Soil Washing
                                                        1. Washing Agents and Processes
                                                          1. Residuals Management
                                                          2. Sieving
                                                            1. Particle Size Separation
                                                            2. Density Separation
                                                              1. Magnetic Separation
                                                            3. Chemical Treatment Methods
                                                              1. In-Situ Chemical Oxidation (ISCO)
                                                                1. Oxidants Used
                                                                  1. Permanganate
                                                                    1. Persulfate
                                                                      1. Hydrogen Peroxide
                                                                        1. Ozone
                                                                        2. Delivery Methods
                                                                          1. Direct Injection
                                                                            1. Recirculation Systems
                                                                              1. Fracturing Enhancement
                                                                            2. In-Situ Chemical Reduction (ISCR)
                                                                              1. Reductants Used
                                                                                1. Zero-Valent Iron
                                                                                  1. Sulfide-Based Reductants
                                                                                  2. Application Techniques
                                                                                    1. Permeable Reactive Barriers
                                                                                    2. Solidification and Stabilization
                                                                                      1. Binding Agents
                                                                                        1. Cement
                                                                                          1. Fly Ash
                                                                                            1. Lime
                                                                                            2. Leachability Reduction
                                                                                              1. Long-term Performance
                                                                                              2. Chemical Precipitation
                                                                                                1. Precipitating Agents
                                                                                                  1. pH Adjustment
                                                                                                    1. Sludge Handling
                                                                                                    2. Adsorption
                                                                                                      1. Activated Carbon
                                                                                                        1. Granular Activated Carbon (GAC)
                                                                                                          1. Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)
                                                                                                          2. Other Adsorbents
                                                                                                            1. Zeolites
                                                                                                              1. Organoclays
                                                                                                                1. Biochar
                                                                                                              2. Ion Exchange
                                                                                                                1. Resin Types
                                                                                                                  1. Cation Exchange Resins
                                                                                                                    1. Anion Exchange Resins
                                                                                                                    2. Regeneration and Disposal
                                                                                                                  2. Biological Treatment Methods (Bioremediation)
                                                                                                                    1. Intrinsic Bioremediation (Natural Attenuation)
                                                                                                                      1. Monitoring Natural Processes
                                                                                                                        1. Lines of Evidence
                                                                                                                          1. Geochemical Indicators
                                                                                                                            1. Microbial Indicators
                                                                                                                              1. Contaminant Loss Rates
                                                                                                                            2. Enhanced Bioremediation
                                                                                                                              1. Bioaugmentation
                                                                                                                                1. Microbial Culture Selection
                                                                                                                                  1. Inoculation Methods
                                                                                                                                    1. Survival and Activity Assessment
                                                                                                                                    2. Biostimulation
                                                                                                                                      1. Nutrient Addition
                                                                                                                                        1. Nitrogen Sources
                                                                                                                                          1. Phosphorus Sources
                                                                                                                                            1. Carbon Sources
                                                                                                                                            2. Oxygenation Techniques
                                                                                                                                              1. pH Adjustment
                                                                                                                                            3. Phytoremediation
                                                                                                                                              1. Phytoextraction
                                                                                                                                                1. Plant Selection
                                                                                                                                                  1. Harvesting and Disposal
                                                                                                                                                    1. Hyperaccumulator Plants
                                                                                                                                                    2. Phytodegradation
                                                                                                                                                      1. Enzymatic Breakdown
                                                                                                                                                        1. Metabolic Pathways
                                                                                                                                                        2. Rhizofiltration
                                                                                                                                                          1. Water Treatment Applications
                                                                                                                                                            1. Root System Design
                                                                                                                                                            2. Phytostabilization
                                                                                                                                                              1. Erosion Control
                                                                                                                                                                1. Contaminant Immobilization
                                                                                                                                                                2. Phytovolatilization
                                                                                                                                                                3. Bioventing
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Airflow Design
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Oxygen Delivery
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Moisture Control
                                                                                                                                                                      2. Biopiles and Composting
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Pile Construction
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Aeration and Moisture Control
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Temperature Management
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Bulking Agents
                                                                                                                                                                              2. Mycoremediation
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Fungal Species Selection
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Substrate Preparation
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Environmental Conditions
                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Thermal Treatment Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. In-Situ Thermal Desorption
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Heating Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Electrical Resistance Heating
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Steam Injection
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Hot Air Injection
                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Vapor Recovery
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Temperature Control
                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Ex-Situ Thermal Desorption
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Treatment Units
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Rotary Dryers
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Thermal Screw Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Off-gas Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Residue Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Incineration
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Rotary Kiln Incinerators
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Fluidized Bed Incinerators
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Emission Controls
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Ash Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Vitrification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. In-Situ Vitrification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Ex-Situ Vitrification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Glass Formation and Stability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Energy Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Steam-Enhanced Extraction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Steam Injection Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Coupling with Other Technologies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Condensate Recovery

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                        4. Remedial Strategy, Design, and Implementation