Energy Storage Technologies

  1. Thermal Energy Storage (TES)
    1. Sensible Heat Storage
      1. Principles of Storing Heat via Temperature Change
        1. Heat Capacity of Materials
          1. Specific Heat Capacity
            1. Thermal Mass Concepts
            2. Temperature Range Considerations
              1. Operating Temperature Windows
                1. Material Stability Limits
              2. Storage Media
                1. Water Tanks
                  1. Stratified Storage Systems
                    1. Insulation Requirements
                      1. Corrosion Prevention
                      2. Molten Salts
                        1. Salt Composition Selection
                          1. Temperature Ranges
                            1. Corrosion Management
                            2. Packed-Bed Rock/Ceramics
                              1. Material Selection
                                1. Heat Transfer Characteristics
                                  1. System Design
                                  2. Concrete
                                    1. Thermal Properties
                                      1. Structural Integration
                                        1. Cost Advantages
                                      2. System Design and Insulation
                                        1. Heat Exchanger Design
                                          1. Insulation Materials and Methods
                                            1. Thermal Losses Minimization
                                            2. Applications in Concentrated Solar Power (CSP)
                                              1. Solar Field Integration
                                                1. Power Block Operation
                                                  1. Dispatch Flexibility
                                                  2. Applications in District Heating and Cooling
                                                    1. Seasonal Storage Systems
                                                      1. Load Balancing
                                                        1. System Integration
                                                      2. Latent Heat Storage
                                                        1. Principles of Phase Change Materials (PCMs)
                                                          1. Melting and Solidification Processes
                                                            1. Latent Heat of Fusion
                                                              1. Phase Change Temperature
                                                                1. Heat Transfer Mechanisms
                                                              2. Types of PCMs
                                                                1. Organic PCMs
                                                                  1. Paraffins
                                                                    1. Alkane Compounds
                                                                      1. Temperature Ranges
                                                                        1. Stability Characteristics
                                                                        2. Fatty Acids
                                                                          1. Natural and Synthetic Options
                                                                            1. Thermal Properties
                                                                              1. Corrosion Considerations
                                                                            2. Inorganic PCMs
                                                                              1. Salt Hydrates
                                                                                1. Crystallization Behavior
                                                                                  1. Supercooling Issues
                                                                                    1. Nucleating Agents
                                                                                    2. Metallics
                                                                                      1. High-Temperature Applications
                                                                                        1. Thermal Conductivity
                                                                                          1. Containment Requirements
                                                                                        2. Eutectics
                                                                                          1. Binary and Ternary Mixtures
                                                                                            1. Sharp Melting Points
                                                                                              1. Property Optimization
                                                                                            2. Advantages and Challenges
                                                                                              1. High Energy Density
                                                                                                1. Compact Storage Systems
                                                                                                  1. Isothermal Operation
                                                                                                  2. Thermal Cycling Stability
                                                                                                    1. Degradation Mechanisms
                                                                                                      1. Long-Term Performance
                                                                                                      2. Cost and Material Compatibility
                                                                                                        1. Container Materials
                                                                                                          1. Heat Transfer Enhancement
                                                                                                      3. Thermochemical Energy Storage
                                                                                                        1. Principles of Reversible Chemical Reactions
                                                                                                          1. Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions
                                                                                                            1. Energy Storage and Release
                                                                                                              1. Reaction Kinetics
                                                                                                                1. Equilibrium Considerations
                                                                                                              2. Adsorption and Absorption Systems
                                                                                                                1. Zeolites
                                                                                                                  1. Porous Structure
                                                                                                                    1. Water Adsorption Capacity
                                                                                                                      1. Regeneration Requirements
                                                                                                                      2. Silica Gels
                                                                                                                        1. Adsorption Isotherms
                                                                                                                          1. Thermal Regeneration
                                                                                                                            1. System Design
                                                                                                                            2. Salt Hydrates
                                                                                                                              1. Hydration/Dehydration Reactions
                                                                                                                                1. Heat Storage Capacity
                                                                                                                                  1. Reaction Control
                                                                                                                                2. System Design and Integration
                                                                                                                                  1. Reactor Design
                                                                                                                                    1. Heat and Mass Transfer
                                                                                                                                      1. Process Control Systems
                                                                                                                                      2. Advantages
                                                                                                                                        1. Long-Duration Storage
                                                                                                                                          1. Indefinite Storage Potential
                                                                                                                                            1. No Thermal Losses
                                                                                                                                            2. Low Thermal Loss
                                                                                                                                              1. Chemical Stability
                                                                                                                                                1. Ambient Storage
                                                                                                                                                2. High Energy Density
                                                                                                                                                  1. Compact System Design
                                                                                                                                                    1. High Storage Capacity

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                                                                                                                                              4. Chemical Energy Storage

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                                                                                                                                              6. Electrical Energy Storage