Energy Storage Technologies

  1. Chemical Energy Storage
    1. Hydrogen Energy Storage
      1. Production of Hydrogen
        1. Electrolysis
          1. Alkaline Electrolysis
            1. KOH Electrolyte Systems
              1. Electrode Materials
                1. System Efficiency
                2. Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Electrolysis
                  1. Membrane Technology
                    1. Catalyst Requirements
                      1. Dynamic Operation Capability
                      2. Solid Oxide Electrolysis
                        1. High-Temperature Operation
                          1. Steam Electrolysis
                            1. Efficiency Advantages
                            2. Green, Blue, Grey Hydrogen Definitions
                              1. Green Hydrogen from Renewables
                                1. Blue Hydrogen with Carbon Capture
                                  1. Grey Hydrogen from Fossil Fuels
                                2. Steam Methane Reforming
                                  1. Process Overview
                                    1. Reforming Reaction
                                      1. Water-Gas Shift Reaction
                                        1. Hydrogen Purification
                                        2. Carbon Capture Integration
                                          1. CO2 Separation Technologies
                                            1. Storage and Utilization
                                        3. Storage Methods
                                          1. Compressed Gas
                                            1. Storage Vessels and Pressures
                                              1. Pressure Vessel Types
                                                1. 350 bar and 700 bar Systems
                                                  1. Safety Considerations
                                                2. Liquefied Hydrogen (Cryogenic)
                                                  1. Liquefaction Process
                                                    1. Cooling Requirements
                                                      1. Energy Consumption
                                                      2. Storage Tanks and Boil-Off
                                                        1. Insulation Systems
                                                          1. Boil-Off Management
                                                            1. Reliquefaction Options
                                                          2. Metal Hydrides
                                                            1. Absorption and Release Mechanisms
                                                              1. Hydride Formation
                                                                1. Thermal Management
                                                                  1. Pressure-Temperature Relationships
                                                                2. Chemical Carriers
                                                                  1. Ammonia
                                                                    1. Synthesis and Decomposition
                                                                      1. Storage and Transport
                                                                        1. Safety Considerations
                                                                        2. Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers (LOHCs)
                                                                          1. Hydrogenation/Dehydrogenation
                                                                            1. Carrier Selection
                                                                              1. System Integration
                                                                          2. Conversion Back to Electricity
                                                                            1. Fuel Cells
                                                                              1. Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cells
                                                                                1. Membrane Electrode Assembly
                                                                                  1. System Components
                                                                                    1. Performance Characteristics
                                                                                    2. Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC)
                                                                                      1. High-Temperature Operation
                                                                                        1. Fuel Flexibility
                                                                                          1. Combined Heat and Power
                                                                                        2. Hydrogen Turbines
                                                                                          1. Combustion and Power Generation
                                                                                            1. Hydrogen Combustion Characteristics
                                                                                              1. Turbine Modifications
                                                                                                1. NOx Emission Control
                                                                                            2. Sector Coupling (Power-to-Gas)
                                                                                              1. Integration with Natural Gas Grids
                                                                                                1. Hydrogen Blending Limits
                                                                                                  1. Pipeline Compatibility
                                                                                                    1. End-Use Considerations
                                                                                                    2. Industrial and Mobility Applications
                                                                                                      1. Steel Production
                                                                                                        1. Chemical Feedstock
                                                                                                          1. Transportation Fuel
                                                                                                      2. Synthetic Natural Gas (Methane)
                                                                                                        1. Methanation Process
                                                                                                          1. Sabatier Reaction
                                                                                                            1. CO2 and H2 Conversion
                                                                                                              1. Catalyst Selection
                                                                                                                1. Reaction Conditions
                                                                                                                2. Catalysts and Process Conditions
                                                                                                                  1. Nickel-Based Catalysts
                                                                                                                    1. Temperature and Pressure Optimization
                                                                                                                      1. Heat Management
                                                                                                                    2. Integration with Existing Gas Infrastructure
                                                                                                                      1. Pipeline Injection
                                                                                                                        1. Quality Specifications
                                                                                                                          1. Injection Points
                                                                                                                            1. Grid Balancing
                                                                                                                            2. Storage and Distribution
                                                                                                                              1. Underground Gas Storage
                                                                                                                                1. Distribution Networks
                                                                                                                                  1. End-Use Applications

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                                                                                                                            3. Electrochemical Energy Storage (Batteries)

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                                                                                                                            5. Thermal Energy Storage (TES)