Embedded Systems

  1. Input/Output and Interfacing
    1. General Purpose Input/Output
      1. Pin Configuration
        1. Input Modes
          1. High Impedance Input
            1. Pull-Up Configuration
              1. Pull-Down Configuration
              2. Output Modes
                1. Push-Pull Output
                  1. Open-Drain Output
                  2. Bidirectional Pins
                    1. Port Control Registers
                    2. Analog Interfacing
                      1. Analog-to-Digital Conversion
                        1. Successive Approximation Register ADC
                          1. Sigma-Delta ADC
                            1. Flash ADC
                              1. Pipeline ADC
                                1. Key Parameters
                                  1. Resolution
                                    1. Sampling Rate
                                      1. Input Range
                                        1. Accuracy and Precision
                                          1. Signal-to-Noise Ratio
                                        2. Digital-to-Analog Conversion
                                          1. R-2R Ladder DAC
                                            1. Binary Weighted DAC
                                              1. Delta-Sigma DAC
                                                1. Resolution and Linearity
                                                2. Signal Conditioning
                                                  1. Amplification
                                                    1. Filtering
                                                      1. Level Shifting
                                                        1. Isolation Techniques
                                                      2. Pulse Width Modulation
                                                        1. PWM Principles
                                                          1. PWM Generation Methods
                                                            1. Applications
                                                              1. Motor Speed Control
                                                                1. LED Brightness Control
                                                                  1. Audio Signal Generation
                                                                  2. PWM Parameters
                                                                    1. Duty Cycle
                                                                      1. Frequency
                                                                        1. Resolution
                                                                      2. Sensor Interfacing
                                                                        1. Temperature Sensors
                                                                          1. Thermocouples
                                                                            1. RTDs
                                                                              1. Thermistors
                                                                                1. Digital Temperature Sensors
                                                                                2. Pressure Sensors
                                                                                  1. Light Sensors
                                                                                    1. Motion Sensors
                                                                                      1. Accelerometers
                                                                                        1. Gyroscopes
                                                                                          1. Magnetometers
                                                                                          2. Proximity Sensors
                                                                                          3. Actuator Control
                                                                                            1. Motor Control
                                                                                              1. DC Motors
                                                                                                1. Stepper Motors
                                                                                                  1. Servo Motors
                                                                                                    1. Brushless DC Motors
                                                                                                    2. Solenoids and Relays
                                                                                                      1. Display Interfaces
                                                                                                        1. LED Arrays
                                                                                                          1. LCD Displays
                                                                                                            1. OLED Displays
                                                                                                            2. Audio Output
                                                                                                              1. Speakers
                                                                                                                1. Buzzers

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                                                                                                            2. Core Hardware Components

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                                                                                                            4. Communication Protocols