Embedded Systems

  1. Core Hardware Components
    1. Microprocessors vs Microcontrollers
      1. Definitions and Differences
        1. Application Domains
          1. Selection Criteria
            1. Cost Considerations
            2. Central Processing Unit Architecture
              1. Memory Architectures
                1. Harvard Architecture
                  1. Separate Instruction and Data Buses
                    1. Advantages and Disadvantages
                    2. Von Neumann Architecture
                      1. Shared Bus Structure
                        1. Advantages and Disadvantages
                        2. Modified Harvard Architecture
                        3. Instruction Set Architectures
                          1. Reduced Instruction Set Computer
                            1. Key Features
                              1. Performance Characteristics
                              2. Complex Instruction Set Computer
                                1. Key Features
                                  1. Performance Characteristics
                                2. Common Processor Families
                                  1. ARM Architecture
                                    1. Cortex-M Series
                                      1. Cortex-A Series
                                        1. Cortex-R Series
                                        2. AVR Architecture
                                          1. PIC Architecture
                                            1. RISC-V Architecture
                                              1. x86 Architecture
                                            2. Memory Systems
                                              1. Memory Hierarchy
                                                1. Cache Memory
                                                  1. Main Memory
                                                    1. Secondary Storage
                                                    2. Volatile Memory
                                                      1. Static RAM
                                                        1. Structure and Operation
                                                          1. Use Cases
                                                            1. Power Consumption
                                                            2. Dynamic RAM
                                                              1. Structure and Operation
                                                                1. Use Cases
                                                                  1. Refresh Requirements
                                                                2. Non-Volatile Memory
                                                                  1. Read-Only Memory
                                                                    1. Mask ROM
                                                                    2. Programmable ROM
                                                                      1. Erasable PROM
                                                                        1. Electrically Erasable PROM
                                                                          1. Flash Memory
                                                                            1. NOR Flash
                                                                              1. NAND Flash
                                                                                1. Wear Leveling
                                                                              2. Memory Organization
                                                                                1. Address Space Layout
                                                                                  1. Memory Mapping
                                                                                    1. Memory Protection Units
                                                                                      1. Direct Memory Access
                                                                                    2. Clock and Timing Systems
                                                                                      1. System Clock Generation
                                                                                        1. Crystal Oscillators
                                                                                          1. RC Oscillators
                                                                                            1. Phase-Locked Loops
                                                                                            2. Clock Distribution
                                                                                              1. Clock Trees
                                                                                                1. Clock Domains
                                                                                                  1. Clock Gating
                                                                                                  2. Timing Components
                                                                                                    1. Watchdog Timers
                                                                                                      1. Real-Time Clocks
                                                                                                        1. General-Purpose Timers
                                                                                                          1. Hardware Counters

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                                                                                                      1. Introduction to Embedded Systems

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                                                                                                      3. Input/Output and Interfacing