Ecological Restoration

  1. Applications in Specific Ecosystems
    1. Forest and Woodland Restoration
      1. Temperate forests
        1. Deciduous forest restoration
          1. Coniferous forest restoration
            1. Mixed forest restoration
            2. Tropical forests
              1. Rainforest restoration
                1. Dry forest restoration
                  1. Cloud forest restoration
                  2. Boreal forests
                    1. Taiga restoration
                      1. Fire management
                        1. Climate adaptation
                        2. Woodland savannas
                          1. Oak savanna restoration
                            1. Pine savanna restoration
                              1. Grazing management
                              2. Fire management in forests
                                1. Prescribed burning
                                  1. Fire suppression
                                    1. Fuel reduction
                                    2. Reforestation techniques
                                      1. Tree planting methods
                                        1. Natural regeneration
                                          1. Assisted migration
                                        2. Grassland, Savanna, and Shrubland Restoration
                                          1. Prairie restoration
                                            1. Tallgrass prairie
                                              1. Shortgrass prairie
                                                1. Mixed grass prairie
                                                2. Steppe and savanna systems
                                                  1. Temperate steppes
                                                    1. Tropical savannas
                                                      1. Mediterranean shrublands
                                                      2. Shrubland management
                                                        1. Chaparral restoration
                                                          1. Sagebrush restoration
                                                            1. Desert shrubland
                                                            2. Grazing management
                                                              1. Livestock grazing
                                                                1. Wildlife grazing
                                                                  1. Rotational grazing
                                                                  2. Fire regimes in grasslands
                                                                    1. Natural fire cycles
                                                                      1. Prescribed burning
                                                                        1. Fire exclusion effects
                                                                      2. Wetland Restoration
                                                                        1. Freshwater marshes
                                                                          1. Hydrology restoration
                                                                            1. Water level management
                                                                              1. Flow restoration
                                                                                1. Seasonal flooding
                                                                                2. Vegetation re-establishment
                                                                                  1. Emergent plants
                                                                                    1. Submergent plants
                                                                                      1. Floating plants
                                                                                    2. Salt marshes
                                                                                      1. Tidal flow restoration
                                                                                        1. Culvert installation
                                                                                          1. Dike removal
                                                                                            1. Channel restoration
                                                                                            2. Salt-tolerant species planting
                                                                                              1. Halophyte selection
                                                                                                1. Planting techniques
                                                                                                  1. Establishment monitoring
                                                                                                2. Mangrove forests
                                                                                                  1. Propagule planting
                                                                                                    1. Collection methods
                                                                                                      1. Planting techniques
                                                                                                        1. Survival monitoring
                                                                                                        2. Erosion control
                                                                                                          1. Wave barriers
                                                                                                            1. Sediment management
                                                                                                              1. Root establishment
                                                                                                          2. River and Stream Restoration
                                                                                                            1. Channel reconfiguration
                                                                                                              1. Meander restoration
                                                                                                                1. Pool-riffle construction
                                                                                                                  1. Bank reshaping
                                                                                                                  2. Riparian buffer establishment
                                                                                                                    1. Buffer width design
                                                                                                                      1. Species selection
                                                                                                                        1. Planting methods
                                                                                                                        2. Fish passage improvement
                                                                                                                          1. Dam removal
                                                                                                                            1. Fish ladders
                                                                                                                              1. Culvert replacement
                                                                                                                              2. Bank stabilization
                                                                                                                                1. Bioengineering techniques
                                                                                                                                  1. Living shorelines
                                                                                                                                    1. Erosion control
                                                                                                                                  2. Lake and Pond Restoration
                                                                                                                                    1. Eutrophication control
                                                                                                                                      1. Nutrient reduction
                                                                                                                                        1. Algae management
                                                                                                                                          1. Sediment removal
                                                                                                                                          2. Shoreline stabilization
                                                                                                                                            1. Erosion prevention
                                                                                                                                              1. Vegetation establishment
                                                                                                                                                1. Wave energy reduction
                                                                                                                                                2. Aquatic vegetation management
                                                                                                                                                  1. Native plant restoration
                                                                                                                                                    1. Invasive species control
                                                                                                                                                      1. Habitat creation
                                                                                                                                                      2. Fish community restoration
                                                                                                                                                        1. Stocking programs
                                                                                                                                                          1. Habitat improvement
                                                                                                                                                            1. Food web restoration
                                                                                                                                                          2. Coastal and Marine Restoration
                                                                                                                                                            1. Coral reefs
                                                                                                                                                              1. Coral transplantation
                                                                                                                                                                1. Fragment collection
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Nursery cultivation
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Outplanting methods
                                                                                                                                                                    2. Artificial reef structures
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Structure design
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Material selection
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Placement strategies
                                                                                                                                                                        2. Seagrass beds
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Seagrass planting
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Seed collection
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Transplant methods
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Anchoring techniques
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Water quality improvement
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Nutrient reduction
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Sediment control
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Pollution prevention
                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Oyster reefs
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Substrate addition
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Shell placement
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Artificial substrates
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Reef construction
                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Spat seeding
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Larval collection
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Settlement enhancement
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Growth monitoring
                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Restoration in Human-Dominated Landscapes
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Urban ecosystems
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Green infrastructure
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Green roofs
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Rain gardens
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Bioswales
                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Urban forestry
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Street tree planting
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Urban canopy restoration
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Tree care and maintenance
                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Pollinator habitat creation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Native plant gardens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Pollinator corridors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Nesting sites
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Agricultural lands
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Hedgerow and buffer strip establishment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Design principles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Species selection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Maintenance practices
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Agroforestry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Silvopasture systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Alley cropping
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Windbreak establishment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Soil health improvement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Cover cropping
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Reduced tillage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Organic amendments
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Mined lands
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Landform reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Topsoil replacement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Slope stabilization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Drainage design
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Soil amendment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. pH correction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Nutrient addition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Organic matter incorporation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Revegetation strategies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Species selection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Seeding methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Establishment monitoring

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  4. Monitoring, Evaluation, and Adaptive Management

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Foundations of Ecological Restoration