Ecological Restoration

  1. Implementation: Techniques and Interventions
    1. Restoring Abiotic Components
      1. Soil Restoration
        1. Decompaction
          1. Mechanical methods
            1. Deep ripping
              1. Subsoiling
                1. Disc harrowing
                2. Biological methods
                  1. Deep-rooted plants
                    1. Earthworm introduction
                      1. Mycorrhizal inoculation
                    2. Amending soil structure and chemistry
                      1. Organic amendments
                        1. Compost application
                          1. Biochar addition
                            1. Manure incorporation
                            2. Fertilizer application
                              1. Slow-release fertilizers
                                1. Organic fertilizers
                                  1. Micronutrient supplements
                                  2. pH adjustment
                                    1. Lime application
                                      1. Sulfur addition
                                        1. Buffer management
                                      2. Erosion control
                                        1. Mulching
                                          1. Organic mulches
                                            1. Inorganic mulches
                                              1. Living mulches
                                              2. Silt fences
                                                1. Installation techniques
                                                  1. Maintenance requirements
                                                    1. Removal timing
                                                    2. Vegetative cover
                                                      1. Cover crops
                                                        1. Erosion control blankets
                                                          1. Hydroseeding
                                                        2. Re-establishing soil microbial communities
                                                          1. Inoculation with mycorrhizae
                                                            1. Arbuscular mycorrhizae
                                                              1. Ectomycorrhizae
                                                                1. Application methods
                                                                2. Compost addition
                                                                  1. Compost tea applications
                                                                    1. Compost incorporation
                                                                      1. Microbial diversity enhancement
                                                                  2. Hydrological Restoration
                                                                    1. Re-meandering streams
                                                                      1. Channel design
                                                                        1. Meander geometry
                                                                          1. Pool-riffle sequences
                                                                            1. Bankfull dimensions
                                                                            2. Bank stabilization
                                                                              1. Live staking
                                                                                1. Brush bundles
                                                                                  1. Rock placement
                                                                                2. Removing dams and barriers
                                                                                  1. Dam removal techniques
                                                                                    1. Explosive removal
                                                                                      1. Mechanical removal
                                                                                        1. Staged removal
                                                                                        2. Fish passage restoration
                                                                                          1. Fish ladders
                                                                                            1. Bypass channels
                                                                                              1. Culvert modifications
                                                                                            2. Restoring floodplains
                                                                                              1. Reconnection to river channels
                                                                                                1. Levee removal
                                                                                                  1. Channel modifications
                                                                                                    1. Flow diversions
                                                                                                    2. Floodplain grading
                                                                                                      1. Topographic restoration
                                                                                                        1. Wetland creation
                                                                                                          1. Oxbow restoration
                                                                                                        2. Re-establishing natural water levels in wetlands
                                                                                                          1. Water control structures
                                                                                                            1. Weirs and dams
                                                                                                              1. Pumping systems
                                                                                                                1. Gravity-fed systems
                                                                                                                2. Ditch plugging
                                                                                                                  1. Clay plugs
                                                                                                                    1. Organic plugs
                                                                                                                      1. Living plugs
                                                                                                                  2. Topographic Reconstruction
                                                                                                                    1. Landform grading and contouring
                                                                                                                      1. Slope stabilization
                                                                                                                        1. Terracing
                                                                                                                          1. Retaining walls
                                                                                                                            1. Slope reinforcement
                                                                                                                            2. Erosion prevention
                                                                                                                              1. Drainage design
                                                                                                                                1. Surface roughening
                                                                                                                                  1. Protective covering
                                                                                                                                2. Creating microtopography
                                                                                                                                  1. Mounds and depressions
                                                                                                                                    1. Hummock-hollow patterns
                                                                                                                                      1. Pit-and-mound topography
                                                                                                                                        1. Seasonal pools
                                                                                                                                        2. Habitat heterogeneity
                                                                                                                                          1. Niche creation
                                                                                                                                            1. Microclimate variation
                                                                                                                                              1. Species diversity enhancement
                                                                                                                                        3. Restoring Biotic Components: Vegetation
                                                                                                                                          1. Site Preparation
                                                                                                                                            1. Weed and invasive species control
                                                                                                                                              1. Mechanical removal
                                                                                                                                                1. Hand-pulling
                                                                                                                                                  1. Timing considerations
                                                                                                                                                    1. Root removal
                                                                                                                                                      1. Disposal methods
                                                                                                                                                      2. Mowing
                                                                                                                                                        1. Timing and frequency
                                                                                                                                                          1. Equipment selection
                                                                                                                                                            1. Follow-up treatments
                                                                                                                                                          2. Chemical control
                                                                                                                                                            1. Selective application
                                                                                                                                                              1. Herbicide selection
                                                                                                                                                                1. Application timing
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Drift prevention
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Safety and environmental considerations
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Personal protective equipment
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Non-target species protection
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Water quality protection
                                                                                                                                                                      2. Biological control
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Introduction of control agents
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Agent selection
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Release protocols
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Establishment monitoring
                                                                                                                                                                              2. Monitoring effectiveness
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Population dynamics
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Impact assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Non-target effects
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Prescribed burning
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Fire regimes
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Fire frequency
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Fire intensity
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Fire seasonality
                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Safety protocols
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Burn permits
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Weather conditions
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Firebreaks
                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Ecological benefits
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Nutrient cycling
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Seed germination
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Invasive species control
                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Revegetation Strategies
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Natural regeneration
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Allowing natural succession
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Seed source availability
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Dispersal mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Establishment conditions
                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Protecting remnant vegetation
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Fencing
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Signage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Access control
                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Assisted natural regeneration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Selective planting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Gap filling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Nurse plants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Keystone species
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Protection from disturbance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Grazing exclusion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Trampling prevention
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Vandalism protection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Active planting and seeding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Species selection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Native species priority
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Site matching
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Functional groups
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Planting techniques
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Bare root planting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Container planting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Direct seeding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Seeding rates and timing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Optimal seeding rates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Seasonal timing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Weather considerations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Sourcing Plant Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Genetic considerations and local ecotypes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Provenance selection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Local adaptation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Climate matching
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Genetic distance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Genetic diversity maintenance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Multiple source populations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Adequate sample sizes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Breeding protocols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Seed collection and banking
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Collection protocols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Timing of collection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Collection methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Documentation requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Storage methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Seed processing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Storage conditions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Viability testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Nursery propagation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Propagation techniques
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Seed propagation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Vegetative propagation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Tissue culture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Hardening off and acclimatization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Gradual exposure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Stress conditioning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Quality assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            3. Restoring Biotic Components: Fauna
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Habitat Creation and Enhancement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Installing habitat features
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Logs and woody debris
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Placement strategies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Size and species selection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Decay class diversity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Snags and nest boxes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Snag creation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Nest box design
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Placement guidelines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Rock piles and brush piles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Construction methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Size specifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Maintenance needs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Restoring food webs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Trophic interactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Producer establishment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Primary consumer support
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Predator-prey relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Prey and predator dynamics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Population balance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Carrying capacity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Temporal dynamics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Creating wildlife corridors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Corridor design
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Width requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Habitat quality
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Connectivity patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Connectivity assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Movement patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Barrier identification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Permeability measures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Species Reintroduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Feasibility studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Habitat suitability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Resource availability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Space requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Environmental conditions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Risk assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Disease transmission
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Genetic risks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Ecological risks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Sourcing and translocation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Captive breeding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Breeding programs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Genetic management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Health screening
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Wild collection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Source population selection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Capture methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Transport protocols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Soft and hard release techniques
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Acclimatization enclosures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Enclosure design
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Acclimation period
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Behavioral conditioning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Direct release
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Release timing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Release location
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Post-release monitoring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Managing Animal Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Controlling herbivory
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Fencing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Fence design
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Installation methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Maintenance requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Repellents
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Chemical repellents
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Physical deterrents
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Behavioral modifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Managing nuisance species
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Population control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Lethal control methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Non-lethal control methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Fertility control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Exclusion methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Barrier installation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Habitat modification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Deterrent systems

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Go to top

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                4. Monitoring, Evaluation, and Adaptive Management