Deepfakes and Fake News Detection

  1. Fake News Detection: Text-Based Analysis
    1. Natural Language Processing Foundations
      1. Text Preprocessing Techniques
        1. Tokenization Methods
          1. Stopword Removal
            1. Lemmatization and Stemming
              1. Normalization and Cleaning
              2. Feature Representation
                1. Bag-of-Words Models
                  1. TF-IDF Weighting
                    1. N-gram Features
                      1. Character-Level Features
                      2. Word Embeddings
                        1. Word2Vec Models
                          1. Skip-gram and CBOW
                            1. Training and Parameters
                              1. Semantic Relationships
                              2. GloVe Embeddings
                                1. Global Vector Representation
                                  1. Co-occurrence Statistics
                                    1. Comparison with Word2Vec
                                  2. Contextual Embeddings
                                    1. BERT and Variants
                                      1. Bidirectional Encoding
                                        1. Pre-training and Fine-tuning
                                          1. Task-Specific Applications
                                          2. ELMo Models
                                            1. Context-Dependent Representations
                                              1. Character-Level Processing
                                                1. Layer Combinations
                                                2. Other Transformer-Based Models
                                                  1. RoBERTa and DeBERTa
                                                    1. Domain-Specific Models
                                                      1. Multilingual Variants
                                                  2. Content-Based Detection Methods
                                                    1. Stylometric Analysis
                                                      1. Lexical Features
                                                        1. Word Choice Patterns
                                                          1. Vocabulary Richness Metrics
                                                            1. Readability Scores
                                                              1. Function Word Usage
                                                              2. Syntactic Features
                                                                1. Sentence Structure Analysis
                                                                  1. Grammar Pattern Recognition
                                                                    1. Parse Tree Features
                                                                      1. Part-of-Speech Distributions
                                                                      2. Semantic Features
                                                                        1. Concept Frequency
                                                                          1. Semantic Coherence
                                                                            1. Topic Consistency
                                                                          2. Advanced Semantic Analysis
                                                                            1. Topic Modeling
                                                                              1. Latent Dirichlet Allocation
                                                                                1. Non-negative Matrix Factorization
                                                                                  1. Topic Coherence Evaluation
                                                                                    1. Dynamic Topic Models
                                                                                    2. Sentiment and Emotion Analysis
                                                                                      1. Polarity Detection Methods
                                                                                        1. Emotion Classification Systems
                                                                                          1. Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis
                                                                                            1. Temporal Sentiment Patterns
                                                                                            2. Propaganda Technique Detection
                                                                                              1. Loaded Language Identification
                                                                                                1. Appeal to Emotion Recognition
                                                                                                  1. Repetition and Slogan Detection
                                                                                                    1. Logical Fallacy Identification
                                                                                                  2. Linguistic Inconsistency Detection
                                                                                                    1. Writing Style Variations
                                                                                                      1. Temporal Language Patterns
                                                                                                        1. Register and Formality Analysis
                                                                                                          1. Cross-Linguistic Features
                                                                                                        2. Context-Based Detection Methods
                                                                                                          1. Stance Detection
                                                                                                            1. Agreement and Disagreement Classification
                                                                                                              1. Claim-Stance Alignment
                                                                                                                1. Multi-Target Stance Analysis
                                                                                                                  1. Temporal Stance Evolution
                                                                                                                  2. Source Credibility Analysis
                                                                                                                    1. Source Reputation Metrics
                                                                                                                      1. Author Verification Systems
                                                                                                                        1. Publication History Analysis
                                                                                                                          1. Cross-Reference Validation
                                                                                                                          2. Social Media Propagation Analysis
                                                                                                                            1. Information Diffusion Patterns
                                                                                                                              1. Viral Spread Characteristics
                                                                                                                                1. Bot and Troll Detection
                                                                                                                                  1. Network Structure Analysis
                                                                                                                                    1. Temporal Propagation Features
                                                                                                                                    2. Cross-Platform Consistency
                                                                                                                                      1. Multi-Source Verification
                                                                                                                                        1. Platform-Specific Adaptations
                                                                                                                                          1. Consistency Scoring
                                                                                                                                        2. Automated Fact-Checking Systems
                                                                                                                                          1. Claim Extraction and Identification
                                                                                                                                            1. Factual Statement Recognition
                                                                                                                                              1. Claim Boundary Detection
                                                                                                                                                1. Claim Type Classification
                                                                                                                                                  1. Priority Scoring
                                                                                                                                                  2. Evidence Retrieval
                                                                                                                                                    1. Information Source Discovery
                                                                                                                                                      1. Relevance Ranking
                                                                                                                                                        1. Credibility Assessment
                                                                                                                                                          1. Multi-Source Aggregation
                                                                                                                                                          2. Evidence-Claim Verification
                                                                                                                                                            1. Textual Entailment Recognition
                                                                                                                                                              1. Contradiction Detection
                                                                                                                                                                1. Automated Reasoning Systems
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Confidence Scoring
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Fact-Checking Pipeline Integration
                                                                                                                                                                    1. End-to-End Systems
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Human-in-the-Loop Verification
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Real-Time Processing
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Scalability Considerations

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                                                                                                                                                                      3. Core Technologies for Synthetic Media Generation

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                                                                                                                                                                      5. Deepfake Detection: Image and Video Analysis