Database Security and Encryption

Database Security and Encryption involves the collective measures, policies, and technologies used to protect a database and its data from unauthorized access, malicious attacks, and accidental loss. This discipline aims to preserve the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information through a multi-layered approach that includes robust access control, user authentication, and activity auditing. A cornerstone of this protection is encryption, the process of converting data into an unreadable ciphertext, which safeguards information both "at rest" (when stored on physical media) and "in transit" (when moving across a network), ensuring that even if data is compromised, it remains incomprehensible without the proper decryption key.

1. Fundamentals of Database Security
   1. Core Security Principles
      1. Confidentiality
         1. Data Classification Systems
            1. Public Data
            2. Internal Data
            3. Confidential Data
            4. Restricted Data
         2. Data Labeling Mechanisms
         3. Data Minimization Strategies
         4. Information Disclosure Prevention
      2. Integrity
         1. Data Consistency Mechanisms
         2. Unauthorized Modification Prevention
         3. Data Validation Techniques
            1. Input Validation
            2. Business Rule Validation
            3. Referential Integrity
         4. Checksums and Hash Verification
      3. Availability
         1. System Uptime Requirements
         2. Redundancy Strategies
            1. Database Replication
            2. Clustering Solutions
            3. Load Balancing
         3. Failover Mechanisms
         4. Disaster Recovery Planning
            1. Recovery Time Objectives (RTO)
            2. Recovery Point Objectives (RPO)
            3. Backup Strategies
   2. Threat Landscape
      1. External Threats
         1. Unauthorized Access Attempts
            1. Brute Force Attacks
            2. Dictionary Attacks
            3. Credential Stuffing
         2. SQL Injection Attacks
            1. Union-Based Injection
            2. Boolean-Based Blind Injection
            3. Time-Based Blind Injection
            4. Error-Based Injection
         3. Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
            1. Stored XSS
            2. Reflected XSS
            3. DOM-Based XSS
         4. Denial of Service Attacks
            1. Resource Exhaustion
            2. Connection Pool Exhaustion
            3. Query-Based DoS
         5. Man-in-the-Middle Attacks
         6. Eavesdropping and Packet Sniffing
      2. Internal Threats
         1. Malicious Insiders
            1. Privileged User Abuse
            2. Data Theft
            3. Sabotage
         2. Accidental Data Exposure
            1. Human Error
            2. Misconfiguration
            3. Unintended Data Sharing
      3. System Vulnerabilities
         1. Software Vulnerabilities
            1. Zero-Day Exploits
            2. Known CVEs
            3. Patch Management Gaps
         2. Configuration Weaknesses
            1. Default Credentials
            2. Unnecessary Services
            3. Weak Encryption Settings
         3. Privilege Escalation Vulnerabilities
            1. Vertical Privilege Escalation
            2. Horizontal Privilege Escalation
   3. Defense in Depth Architecture
      1. Physical Security Layer
         1. Data Center Security
         2. Hardware Protection
         3. Environmental Controls
      2. Network Security Layer
         1. Firewalls
            1. Network Firewalls
            2. Host-Based Firewalls
            3. Application Firewalls
         2. Network Segmentation
            1. VLANs
            2. Subnetting
            3. DMZ Configuration
         3. Intrusion Detection Systems
         4. Intrusion Prevention Systems
      3. Operating System Security Layer
         1. OS Hardening
            1. Service Minimization
            2. Security Configuration
            3. Account Management
         2. Patch Management
            1. Vulnerability Assessment
            2. Patch Testing
            3. Deployment Strategies
         3. Access Controls
            1. File System Permissions
            2. Process Isolation
            3. Resource Limits
      4. Database Management System Layer
         1. Secure Installation
            1. Installation Hardening
            2. Initial Configuration
            3. Service Account Setup
         2. Feature Management
            1. Disabling Unused Features
            2. Service Configuration
            3. Port Management
         3. Security Updates
            1. DBMS Patching
            2. Security Advisories
            3. Version Management
      5. Application Security Layer
         1. Secure Development Practices
            1. Input Validation
            2. Output Encoding
            3. Error Handling
         2. Application Architecture
            1. Separation of Concerns
            2. Least Privilege Design
            3. Secure Communication