Circuit Analysis and Design

5.

Operational Amplifiers

5.1.

Ideal Op-Amp Model

5.1.1.

Fundamental Assumptions

5.1.1.1.

Infinite Open-Loop Gain

5.1.1.2.

Infinite Input Resistance

5.1.1.3.

Zero Output Resistance

5.1.1.4.

Infinite Bandwidth

5.1.2.

Virtual Short and Virtual Ground Concepts

5.1.2.1.

Physical Interpretation

5.1.2.2.

Application in Analysis

5.1.3.

Golden Rules of Op-Amp Analysis

5.2.

Basic Op-Amp Configurations

5.2.1.

Inverting Amplifier

5.2.1.1.

Circuit Topology

5.2.1.2.

Gain Derivation

5.2.1.3.

Input and Output Characteristics

5.2.2.

Non-Inverting Amplifier

5.2.2.1.

Circuit Topology

5.2.2.2.

Gain Derivation

5.2.2.3.

Input and Output Characteristics

5.2.3.

Voltage Follower

5.2.3.1.

Circuit Topology and Operation

5.2.3.2.

Unity Gain Buffer Applications

5.2.4.

Summing Amplifier

5.2.4.1.

Inverting Summing Configuration

5.2.4.2.

Non-Inverting Summing Configuration

5.2.4.3.

Weighted Summing

5.2.5.

Difference Amplifier

5.2.5.1.

Circuit Topology

5.2.5.2.

Differential Gain Calculation

5.2.5.3.

Common-Mode Rejection

5.2.5.4.

Instrumentation Applications

5.3.

Advanced Op-Amp Applications

5.3.1.

Integrators and Differentiators

5.3.1.1.

Integrator Circuit Design

5.3.1.2.

Differentiator Circuit Design

5.3.1.3.

Frequency Response Characteristics

5.3.1.4.

Practical Limitations

5.3.2.

Comparators and Schmitt Triggers

5.3.2.1.

Zero-Crossing Detector

5.3.2.2.

5.3.2.3.

Window Comparator

5.3.2.4.

Hysteresis and Noise Immunity

5.3.3.

5.3.3.1.

First-Order Active Filters

5.3.3.2.

Second-Order Active Filters

5.3.3.3.

Filter Design Considerations

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