Ceramics, Polymers, Metals, and Composites

  1. Imperfections in Solids
    1. Point Defects
      1. Vacancies
        1. Formation Energy
          1. Equilibrium Concentration
            1. Effects on Properties
            2. Self-Interstitials
              1. Formation Mechanisms
                1. High Formation Energy
                  1. Structural Distortion
                  2. Impurities in Solids
                    1. Substitutional Impurities
                      1. Size Factor
                        1. Electronegativity Difference
                          1. Crystal Structure
                          2. Interstitial Impurities
                            1. Size Requirements
                              1. Common Examples
                                1. Lattice Distortion
                              2. Solid Solutions
                                1. Substitutional Solid Solutions
                                  1. Interstitial Solid Solutions
                                    1. Hume-Rothery Rules
                                      1. Size Factor Rule
                                        1. Electronegativity Rule
                                          1. Relative Valency Rule
                                            1. Crystal Structure Rule
                                        2. Linear Defects
                                          1. Edge Dislocations
                                            1. Burger's Vector
                                              1. Dislocation Line
                                                1. Stress Fields
                                                  1. Movement Mechanisms
                                                  2. Screw Dislocations
                                                    1. Helical Structure
                                                      1. Burger's Vector Orientation
                                                        1. Movement Characteristics
                                                        2. Mixed Dislocations
                                                          1. Edge and Screw Components
                                                            1. Curved Dislocation Lines
                                                            2. Dislocation Interactions
                                                              1. Dislocation Multiplication
                                                                1. Dislocation Entanglement
                                                                  1. Frank-Read Sources
                                                                2. Interfacial Defects
                                                                  1. External Surfaces
                                                                    1. Surface Energy
                                                                      1. Surface Reconstruction
                                                                        1. Surface Tension Effects
                                                                        2. Grain Boundaries
                                                                          1. High-Angle Grain Boundaries
                                                                            1. Low-Angle Grain Boundaries
                                                                              1. Tilt and Twist Boundaries
                                                                                1. Grain Boundary Energy
                                                                                2. Twin Boundaries
                                                                                  1. Annealing Twins
                                                                                    1. Deformation Twins
                                                                                      1. Coherent Twin Boundaries
                                                                                      2. Stacking Faults
                                                                                        1. Close-Packed Structures
                                                                                          1. Stacking Fault Energy
                                                                                            1. Partial Dislocations
                                                                                          2. Bulk Defects
                                                                                            1. Voids
                                                                                              1. Formation Mechanisms
                                                                                                1. Size Distribution
                                                                                                  1. Effects on Properties
                                                                                                  2. Inclusions
                                                                                                    1. Non-metallic Inclusions
                                                                                                      1. Oxide Inclusions
                                                                                                        1. Sulfide Inclusions
                                                                                                        2. Porosity
                                                                                                          1. Open Porosity
                                                                                                            1. Closed Porosity
                                                                                                              1. Porosity Measurement

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                                                                                                          3. The Structure of Crystalline Solids

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                                                                                                          5. Mechanical Properties of Materials