Cellular and Molecular Bioengineering

  1. Applications in Bioengineering
    1. Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
      1. The Tissue Engineering Triad
        1. Cells
          1. Stem Cells
            1. Embryonic Stem Cells
              1. Pluripotency Markers
                1. Differentiation Protocols
                  1. Ethical Considerations
                  2. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
                    1. Reprogramming Factors
                      1. Generation Methods
                        1. Applications and Limitations
                        2. Adult Stem Cells
                          1. Mesenchymal Stem Cells
                            1. Hematopoietic Stem Cells
                              1. Neural Stem Cells
                            2. Differentiated Cells
                              1. Primary Cell Isolation
                                1. Cell Expansion Strategies
                                  1. Phenotype Maintenance
                                2. Scaffolds
                                  1. Structural and Functional Requirements
                                    1. Biocompatibility
                                      1. Mechanical Properties
                                        1. Degradation Kinetics
                                          1. Porosity and Interconnectivity
                                        2. Signals
                                          1. Growth Factors
                                            1. Growth Factor Families
                                              1. Delivery Strategies
                                                1. Synergistic Effects
                                                2. Mechanical Stimuli
                                                  1. Mechanical Loading
                                                    1. Substrate Stiffness
                                                      1. Topographical Cues
                                                      2. Biochemical Cues
                                                        1. ECM Components
                                                          1. Cell-Cell Signaling
                                                            1. Oxygen and Nutrient Gradients
                                                        2. Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering
                                                          1. Natural Polymers
                                                            1. Collagen
                                                              1. Collagen Types and Sources
                                                                1. Crosslinking Methods
                                                                2. Alginate
                                                                  1. Gelation Mechanisms
                                                                    1. Modification Strategies
                                                                      1. Cell Encapsulation
                                                                      2. Chitosan
                                                                        1. Chemical Properties
                                                                          1. Antimicrobial Activity
                                                                            1. Wound Healing Applications
                                                                          2. Synthetic Polymers
                                                                            1. Polylactic Acid
                                                                              1. Synthesis and Properties
                                                                                1. Degradation Mechanisms
                                                                                  1. Processing Methods
                                                                                  2. Polyglycolic Acid
                                                                                    1. Mechanical Properties
                                                                                      1. Degradation Rate
                                                                                        1. Copolymer Systems
                                                                                        2. Polyethylene Glycol
                                                                                          1. Hydrogel Formation
                                                                                            1. Protein Conjugation
                                                                                              1. Drug Delivery Applications
                                                                                            2. Ceramics and Composites
                                                                                              1. Hydroxyapatite
                                                                                                1. Bone Mineral Composition
                                                                                                  1. Synthesis Methods
                                                                                                    1. Bioactivity
                                                                                                    2. Bioactive Glass
                                                                                                      1. Composition and Properties
                                                                                                        1. Bone Bonding Mechanisms
                                                                                                    3. Scaffold Design and Fabrication
                                                                                                      1. Porosity and Interconnectivity
                                                                                                        1. Pore Size Requirements
                                                                                                          1. Interconnected Pore Networks
                                                                                                            1. Characterization Methods
                                                                                                            2. Biodegradability
                                                                                                              1. Degradation Mechanisms
                                                                                                                1. Degradation Rate Control
                                                                                                                  1. Byproduct Biocompatibility
                                                                                                                  2. Mechanical Strength and Elasticity
                                                                                                                    1. Load-Bearing Requirements
                                                                                                                      1. Elastic Modulus Matching
                                                                                                                        1. Fatigue Resistance
                                                                                                                        2. Electrospinning
                                                                                                                          1. Process Parameters
                                                                                                                            1. Fiber Morphology Control
                                                                                                                            2. 3D Printing
                                                                                                                              1. Fused Deposition Modeling
                                                                                                                                1. Selective Laser Sintering
                                                                                                                                  1. Stereolithography
                                                                                                                                2. Specific Tissue Applications
                                                                                                                                  1. Skin Engineering
                                                                                                                                    1. Skin Structure and Function
                                                                                                                                      1. Wound Healing Process
                                                                                                                                        1. Skin Substitute Development
                                                                                                                                        2. Bone and Cartilage Regeneration
                                                                                                                                          1. Bone Remodeling Process
                                                                                                                                            1. Cartilage Structure and Properties
                                                                                                                                              1. Osteochondral Defect Repair
                                                                                                                                              2. Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering
                                                                                                                                                1. Heart Valve Engineering
                                                                                                                                                  1. Vascular Graft Development
                                                                                                                                                    1. Cardiac Patch Applications
                                                                                                                                                    2. Neural Tissue Engineering
                                                                                                                                                      1. Nerve Regeneration Strategies
                                                                                                                                                        1. Spinal Cord Repair
                                                                                                                                                          1. Brain Tissue Engineering
                                                                                                                                                      2. Drug Delivery and Therapeutics
                                                                                                                                                        1. Principles of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
                                                                                                                                                          1. Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion
                                                                                                                                                            1. Drug Absorption Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                              1. Distribution Volume
                                                                                                                                                                1. Metabolic Pathways
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Elimination Kinetics
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Dose-Response Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Therapeutic Window
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Efficacy and Potency
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Adverse Effects
                                                                                                                                                                      2. Design of Drug Delivery Systems
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Controlled Release Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Diffusion-Controlled Systems
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Matrix Tablets
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Reservoir Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Membrane-Controlled Release
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Degradation-Controlled Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Biodegradable Polymers
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Erosion Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Release Kinetics
                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Targeted Delivery Strategies
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Ligand-Targeted Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Antibody-Drug Conjugates
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Receptor-Mediated Targeting
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Cell-Specific Delivery
                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Stimuli-Responsive Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. pH-Responsive Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Temperature-Responsive Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Enzyme-Responsive Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Liposomes
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Structure and Encapsulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Lipid Bilayer Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Drug Loading Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Size and Stability
                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Surface Modification
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. PEGylation
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Targeting Ligands
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Stealth Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Polymeric Nanoparticles
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Biodegradable Polymers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. PLGA Nanoparticles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Chitosan Nanoparticles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Dendrimer Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Micelles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Self-Assembly and Drug Loading
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Critical Micelle Concentration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Core-Shell Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Drug Solubilization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Inorganic Nanoparticles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Gold Nanoparticles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Synthesis Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Surface Functionalization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Therapeutic Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Silica Nanoparticles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Mesoporous Silica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Drug Loading and Release
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Biocompatibility
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Biologic Therapeutics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Monoclonal Antibodies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Production and Engineering
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Hybridoma Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Recombinant Antibody Production
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Antibody Engineering
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Mechanisms of Action
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Target Binding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Immune Effector Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Therapeutic Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Therapeutic Proteins and Peptides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Expression and Formulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Protein Expression Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Purification Strategies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Formulation Challenges
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Gene and Cell Therapy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Viral Vectors for Gene Delivery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Adenoviruses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Genome Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Viral Genome Organization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Replication Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Vector Construction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Advantages and Limitations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. High Transduction Efficiency
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Immunogenicity Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Non-Integrating Vectors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Adeno-Associated Viruses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Serotypes and Tropism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. AAV Serotype Diversity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Tissue-Specific Targeting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Capsid Engineering
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Lentiviruses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Integration and Expression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Integration Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Long-Term Expression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Safety Considerations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Retroviruses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Safety Considerations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Insertional Mutagenesis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Replication-Competent Virus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Vector Design Improvements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Non-Viral Gene Delivery Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Electroporation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Mechanism and Optimization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Membrane Permeabilization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Pulse Parameters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Cell Viability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Lipid-Based Transfection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Liposomes and Lipoplexes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Cationic Lipids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. DNA Complexation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Cellular Uptake
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Gene Guns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Particle Bombardment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Gold Particle Coating
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Ballistic Delivery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Tissue Penetration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Cell-Based Therapies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Stem Cell Therapy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Autologous vs. Allogeneic Transplants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Immunocompatibility
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Graft-versus-Host Disease
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Therapeutic Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Differentiation and Integration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Directed Differentiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Cell Fate Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Tissue Integration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. CAR-T Cell Immunotherapy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Chimeric Antigen Receptor Design
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Antigen Recognition Domain
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Signaling Domains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Co-Stimulatory Signals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Manufacturing and Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. T Cell Isolation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Genetic Modification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Ex Vivo Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          3. Synthetic Biology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Design Principles of Biological Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Promoters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Constitutive Promoters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Inducible Promoters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Tissue-Specific Promoters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Ribosome Binding Sites
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Translation Initiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. RBS Strength Tuning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Orthogonal Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Terminators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Transcription Termination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Terminator Efficiency
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Insulator Elements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Genetic Switches
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Toggle Switches
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Bistable Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Memory Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Oscillators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Biological Clocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Repressilator Design
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Tunable Oscillations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Logic Gates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. AND Gates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. OR Gates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. NOT Gates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Synthetic Genomes and Minimal Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Genome Synthesis and Assembly
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. DNA Synthesis Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Genome Assembly Strategies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Error Correction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Minimal Cell Design
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Essential Gene Sets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Metabolic Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Synthetic Cell Construction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Applications of Synthetic Biology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Biosynthesis of Fuels and Chemicals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Metabolic Engineering
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Pathway Optimization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Industrial Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Engineered Biosensors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Environmental Monitoring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Medical Diagnostics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Whole-Cell Biosensors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Smart Therapeutics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Programmable Drug Delivery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Therapeutic Circuits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Personalized Medicine
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Biosensors and Diagnostics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Principles of Molecular Recognition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Antibody-Antigen Interactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Binding Specificity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Affinity Maturation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Cross-Reactivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Aptamers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Selection Process
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Structural Diversity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Advantages over Antibodies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Enzyme-Substrate Interactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Catalytic Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Substrate Specificity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Allosteric Regulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Transduction Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Electrochemical Biosensors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Potentiometric
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Ion-Selective Electrodes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Reference Electrodes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Nernst Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Amperometric
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Current Measurement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Enzyme Electrodes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Mediator Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Optical Biosensors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Surface Plasmon Resonance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. SPR Principles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Kinetic Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Label-Free Detection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Fluorescence-Based Detection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Fluorescence Polarization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. FRET-Based Sensors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Time-Resolved Fluorescence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Piezoelectric Biosensors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Quartz Crystal Microbalance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Mass Sensitivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Frequency Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Microfluidics for Diagnostics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Lab-on-a-Chip Devices
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Microfluidic Principles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Sample Processing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Integration Challenges
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Microfabrication Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Soft Lithography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Photolithography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. 3D Printing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Point-of-Care Diagnostic Devices
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Lateral Flow Assays
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Immunochromatographic Principles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Test Strip Design
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Quantitative Readouts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Portable Analyzers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Miniaturization Strategies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Power Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Data Connectivity

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Go to top

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  5. Advanced and Emerging Topics