Brain-Computer Interfaces

  1. Signal Acquisition Methods
    1. Non-Invasive Techniques
      1. Electroencephalography
        1. Principles of EEG Recording
          1. Electrical Activity Measurement
            1. Volume Conduction
              1. Source-Sink Relationships
              2. Electrode Technologies
                1. Wet Electrodes
                  1. Conductive Gels
                    1. Preparation Procedures
                    2. Dry Electrodes
                      1. Materials and Design
                        1. Contact Quality
                        2. Saline Electrodes
                          1. Preparation Methods
                        3. Electrode Placement Systems
                          1. 10-20 International System
                            1. Standardized Positions
                              1. Anatomical Landmarks
                              2. High-Density Arrays
                                1. 64-Channel Systems
                                  1. 128-Channel Systems
                                    1. 256-Channel Systems
                                  2. EEG Amplification
                                    1. Differential Amplification
                                      1. Common Mode Rejection
                                        1. Input Impedance
                                        2. Advantages and Limitations
                                          1. Temporal Resolution
                                            1. Spatial Resolution
                                              1. Portability
                                                1. Cost Considerations
                                              2. Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
                                                1. Principles of fNIRS
                                                  1. Near-Infrared Light Penetration
                                                    1. Hemoglobin Absorption
                                                      1. Modified Beer-Lambert Law
                                                      2. Hemodynamic Response Measurement
                                                        1. Oxygenated Hemoglobin
                                                          1. Deoxygenated Hemoglobin
                                                            1. Blood Volume Changes
                                                            2. System Components
                                                              1. Light Sources
                                                                1. Detectors
                                                                  1. Optode Placement
                                                                  2. Advantages and Limitations
                                                                    1. Depth Sensitivity
                                                                      1. Motion Artifacts
                                                                        1. Temporal Resolution
                                                                      2. Magnetoencephalography
                                                                        1. Principles of MEG
                                                                          1. Magnetic Field Detection
                                                                            1. SQUID Sensors
                                                                              1. Magnetic Shielding
                                                                              2. Sensor Types
                                                                                1. Magnetometers
                                                                                  1. Gradiometers
                                                                                    1. Sensor Arrays
                                                                                    2. Signal Characteristics
                                                                                      1. Magnetic Field Strength
                                                                                        1. Spatial Patterns
                                                                                          1. Temporal Dynamics
                                                                                          2. Advantages and Limitations
                                                                                            1. Spatial Resolution
                                                                                              1. Temporal Resolution
                                                                                                1. Cost and Accessibility
                                                                                              2. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
                                                                                                1. Principles of fMRI
                                                                                                  1. Magnetic Resonance Imaging
                                                                                                    1. Blood Oxygenation Dependence
                                                                                                      1. Neurovascular Coupling
                                                                                                      2. BOLD Signal
                                                                                                        1. Signal Generation
                                                                                                          1. Hemodynamic Response Function
                                                                                                            1. Statistical Analysis
                                                                                                            2. Real-Time fMRI
                                                                                                              1. Online Processing
                                                                                                                1. Neurofeedback Applications
                                                                                                                2. Advantages and Limitations
                                                                                                                  1. Spatial Resolution
                                                                                                                    1. Temporal Resolution
                                                                                                                      1. Portability Issues
                                                                                                                  2. Semi-Invasive Techniques
                                                                                                                    1. Electrocorticography
                                                                                                                      1. Electrode Placement
                                                                                                                        1. Subdural Grid Electrodes
                                                                                                                          1. Strip Electrodes
                                                                                                                            1. Surgical Procedures
                                                                                                                            2. Signal Characteristics
                                                                                                                              1. High-Frequency Activity
                                                                                                                                1. Local Field Potentials
                                                                                                                                  1. Spatial Specificity
                                                                                                                                  2. Recording Systems
                                                                                                                                    1. Amplification
                                                                                                                                      1. Digitization
                                                                                                                                        1. Wireless Transmission
                                                                                                                                        2. Advantages and Limitations
                                                                                                                                          1. Signal Quality
                                                                                                                                            1. Spatial Resolution
                                                                                                                                              1. Surgical Risks
                                                                                                                                          2. Invasive Techniques
                                                                                                                                            1. Microelectrode Arrays
                                                                                                                                              1. Array Design and Materials
                                                                                                                                                1. Silicon Probes
                                                                                                                                                  1. Wire Arrays
                                                                                                                                                    1. Flexible Arrays
                                                                                                                                                    2. Electrode Placement
                                                                                                                                                      1. Stereotactic Surgery
                                                                                                                                                        1. Target Localization
                                                                                                                                                          1. Implantation Procedures
                                                                                                                                                          2. Signal Types
                                                                                                                                                            1. Single-Unit Activity
                                                                                                                                                              1. Action Potential Detection
                                                                                                                                                                1. Spike Sorting
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Neural Tuning
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Multi-Unit Activity
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Population Responses
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Threshold Crossing
                                                                                                                                                                      2. Local Field Potentials
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Low-Frequency Components
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Population Synchrony
                                                                                                                                                                        2. Advantages and Limitations
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Signal Quality
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Longevity Issues
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Biocompatibility
                                                                                                                                                                            2. Stereoelectroencephalography
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Electrode Design
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Depth Electrodes
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Contact Spacing
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Placement Procedures
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Stereotactic Planning
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Image Guidance
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Safety Considerations
                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Clinical Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Epilepsy Monitoring
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Functional Mapping
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Research Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Advantages and Limitations
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Deep Structure Access
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Spatial Precision
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Limited Coverage
                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Comparison of Acquisition Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Spatial Resolution Comparison
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Surface Coverage
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Depth Sensitivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Localization Accuracy
                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Temporal Resolution Comparison
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Sampling Rates
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Response Latencies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Real-Time Capabilities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Signal Quality Metrics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Signal-to-Noise Ratio
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Bandwidth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Dynamic Range
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Practical Considerations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Invasiveness and Risk
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Setup Time
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Portability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Cost Factors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. User Comfort

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                            4. Signal Processing Pipeline