Botnets and Cybersecurity

  1. Command and Control Architectures
    1. Centralized Models
      1. Single Server Architecture
        1. Direct Bot Communication
          1. Central Command Distribution
            1. Advantages and Limitations
              1. Single Point of Failure
              2. Multi-server Architecture
                1. Load Distribution
                  1. Redundancy Mechanisms
                    1. Failover Protocols
                      1. Geographic Distribution
                      2. Hierarchical Models
                        1. Tiered Command Structure
                          1. Regional Controllers
                            1. Scalability Benefits
                              1. Management Complexity
                            2. Decentralized Models
                              1. Pure Peer-to-Peer Architecture
                                1. Bot-to-Bot Communication
                                  1. Distributed Command Propagation
                                    1. Network Topology
                                      1. Resilience Characteristics
                                      2. Structured P2P Networks
                                        1. Distributed Hash Tables
                                          1. Chord Protocol
                                            1. Kademlia Networks
                                              1. Routing Mechanisms
                                              2. Unstructured P2P Networks
                                                1. Random Connections
                                                  1. Flooding Protocols
                                                    1. Gossip Algorithms
                                                      1. Search Mechanisms
                                                    2. Hybrid Architectures
                                                      1. Combined Centralized-P2P Models
                                                        1. Fallback Mechanisms
                                                          1. Dynamic Switching
                                                            1. Adaptive Behavior
                                                            2. Advanced C2 Channels
                                                              1. Social Media Platforms
                                                                1. Twitter
                                                                  1. Telegram
                                                                    1. Discord
                                                                      1. Instagram
                                                                      2. Cloud Services
                                                                        1. Google Drive
                                                                          1. Dropbox
                                                                            1. Pastebin
                                                                              1. GitHub
                                                                              2. Legitimate Web Services
                                                                                1. DNS Services
                                                                                  1. CDN Networks
                                                                                    1. Email Services
                                                                                      1. Messaging Platforms
                                                                                      2. Steganographic Channels
                                                                                        1. Image-based Communication
                                                                                          1. Audio File Embedding
                                                                                            1. Video Stream Hiding
                                                                                              1. Document Metadata

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                                                                                          2. Botnet Architecture and Lifecycle

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                                                                                          4. Botnet Communication Protocols