Black Holes

  1. Formation Mechanisms
    1. Stellar Evolution and Collapse
      1. Massive Star Evolution
        1. Main Sequence Phase
          1. Nuclear Burning Stages
            1. Red Supergiant Phase
              1. Core Structure Development
              2. Core Collapse Process
                1. Nuclear Fuel Exhaustion
                  1. Gravitational Instability
                    1. Core Bounce
                      1. Neutron Degeneracy Pressure
                      2. Supernova Explosions
                        1. Type II Supernovae
                          1. Core-Collapse Mechanism
                            1. Shock Wave Propagation
                              1. Neutrino Emission
                              2. Black Hole Formation Threshold
                                1. Mass Limits
                                  1. Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff Limit
                                    1. Neutron Star vs. Black Hole Formation
                                      1. Failed Supernovae
                                    2. Alternative Formation Pathways
                                      1. Primordial Black Holes
                                        1. Early Universe Conditions
                                          1. Density Fluctuations
                                            1. Inflation and Collapse
                                              1. Mass Spectrum
                                                1. Observational Constraints
                                                2. Direct Collapse Models
                                                  1. Supermassive Black Hole Seeds
                                                    1. Gas Cloud Collapse
                                                      1. Conditions for Direct Collapse
                                                        1. Population III Stars
                                                        2. Intermediate Formation Channels
                                                          1. Stellar Mergers
                                                            1. Runaway Stellar Collisions
                                                              1. Dense Stellar Clusters
                                                            2. Growth and Evolution
                                                              1. Accretion Processes
                                                                1. Bondi Accretion
                                                                  1. Disk Accretion
                                                                    1. Eddington Limit
                                                                      1. Super-Eddington Accretion
                                                                      2. Binary Evolution
                                                                        1. Formation of Binary Systems
                                                                          1. Mass Transfer
                                                                            1. Common Envelope Evolution
                                                                              1. Gravitational Wave Inspiral
                                                                              2. Merger Dynamics
                                                                                1. Binary Inspiral
                                                                                  1. Coalescence Phase
                                                                                    1. Ringdown
                                                                                      1. Gravitational Wave Emission
                                                                                        1. Recoil Velocities

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                                                                                    3. Anatomy of a Black Hole

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                                                                                    5. Classification Systems