Biotechnology

  1. Applications of Biotechnology
    1. Medical Biotechnology
      1. Therapeutic Protein Production
        1. Recombinant Insulin
          1. Production Methods
            1. Analog Development
              1. Delivery Systems
              2. Monoclonal Antibodies
                1. Hybridoma Technology
                  1. Recombinant Antibody Production
                    1. Therapeutic Applications
                      1. Antibody Engineering
                      2. Growth Factors
                        1. Erythropoietin
                          1. Growth Hormone
                            1. Interferons
                            2. Blood Products
                              1. Clotting Factors
                                1. Albumin
                                  1. Immunoglobulins
                                2. Vaccine Development
                                  1. Traditional Vaccine Types
                                    1. Live Attenuated Vaccines
                                      1. Inactivated Vaccines
                                        1. Toxoid Vaccines
                                        2. Modern Vaccine Approaches
                                          1. Subunit Vaccines
                                            1. Recombinant Vector Vaccines
                                              1. DNA Vaccines
                                                1. mRNA Vaccines
                                                2. Vaccine Production Systems
                                                  1. Cell Culture Systems
                                                    1. Egg-based Production
                                                      1. Plant-based Vaccines
                                                      2. Adjuvants and Delivery
                                                        1. Adjuvant Mechanisms
                                                          1. Delivery Systems
                                                            1. Mucosal Vaccines
                                                          2. Diagnostic Technologies
                                                            1. Molecular Diagnostics
                                                              1. PCR-based Tests
                                                                1. DNA Microarrays
                                                                  1. Sequencing-based Diagnostics
                                                                    1. Liquid Biopsies
                                                                    2. Immunodiagnostics
                                                                      1. ELISA Systems
                                                                        1. Lateral Flow Assays
                                                                          1. Immunofluorescence
                                                                            1. Flow Cytometry
                                                                            2. Biosensor Applications
                                                                              1. Glucose Monitors
                                                                                1. Pregnancy Tests
                                                                                  1. Infectious Disease Detection
                                                                                    1. Point-of-care Devices
                                                                                  2. Advanced Therapeutic Approaches
                                                                                    1. Gene Therapy
                                                                                      1. Viral Vectors
                                                                                        1. Retroviral Vectors
                                                                                          1. Adenoviral Vectors
                                                                                            1. Lentiviral Vectors
                                                                                              1. AAV Vectors
                                                                                              2. Non-viral Delivery
                                                                                                1. Lipofection
                                                                                                  1. Electroporation
                                                                                                    1. Physical Methods
                                                                                                    2. Clinical Applications
                                                                                                      1. Inherited Disorders
                                                                                                        1. Cancer Treatment
                                                                                                          1. Infectious Diseases
                                                                                                        2. Cell Therapy
                                                                                                          1. Stem Cell Types
                                                                                                            1. Embryonic Stem Cells
                                                                                                              1. Adult Stem Cells
                                                                                                                1. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
                                                                                                                2. Cell Differentiation
                                                                                                                  1. Directed Differentiation
                                                                                                                    1. Reprogramming Factors
                                                                                                                    2. Clinical Applications
                                                                                                                      1. Hematopoietic Transplantation
                                                                                                                        1. Cardiac Repair
                                                                                                                          1. Neural Regeneration
                                                                                                                        2. Tissue Engineering
                                                                                                                          1. Scaffold Materials
                                                                                                                            1. Natural Polymers
                                                                                                                              1. Synthetic Polymers
                                                                                                                                1. Decellularized Matrices
                                                                                                                                2. Cell Seeding Strategies
                                                                                                                                  1. Bioreactor Culture
                                                                                                                                    1. Organ-on-chip Technology
                                                                                                                                    2. Immunotherapy
                                                                                                                                      1. CAR-T Cell Therapy
                                                                                                                                        1. CAR Design
                                                                                                                                          1. Manufacturing Process
                                                                                                                                            1. Clinical Applications
                                                                                                                                            2. Checkpoint Inhibitors
                                                                                                                                              1. PD-1/PD-L1 Pathway
                                                                                                                                                1. CTLA-4 Inhibition
                                                                                                                                                2. Cancer Vaccines
                                                                                                                                                  1. Peptide Vaccines
                                                                                                                                                    1. Dendritic Cell Vaccines
                                                                                                                                              2. Agricultural Biotechnology
                                                                                                                                                1. Crop Improvement
                                                                                                                                                  1. Transgenic Crops
                                                                                                                                                    1. Herbicide Tolerance
                                                                                                                                                      1. Glyphosate Resistance
                                                                                                                                                        1. Glufosinate Resistance
                                                                                                                                                        2. Insect Resistance
                                                                                                                                                          1. Bt Toxin Expression
                                                                                                                                                            1. Stacked Traits
                                                                                                                                                            2. Disease Resistance
                                                                                                                                                              1. Viral Resistance
                                                                                                                                                                1. Fungal Resistance
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Bacterial Resistance
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Nutritional Enhancement
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Golden Rice
                                                                                                                                                                      1. High-lysine Corn
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Iron-fortified Crops
                                                                                                                                                                        2. Stress Tolerance
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Drought Tolerance
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Salt Tolerance
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Cold Tolerance
                                                                                                                                                                            2. Gene Editing in Agriculture
                                                                                                                                                                              1. CRISPR Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Non-transgenic Approaches
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Regulatory Considerations
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Animal Biotechnology
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Transgenic Livestock
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Pharmaceutical Production
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Disease Resistance
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Enhanced Nutrition
                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Aquaculture Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Growth Enhancement
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Disease Resistance
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Environmental Adaptation
                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Plant Propagation Technologies
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Micropropagation
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Clonal Multiplication
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Pathogen Elimination
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Genetic Uniformity
                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Somatic Embryogenesis
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Embryo Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Synthetic Seed Production
                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Biological Control Agents
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Biofertilizers
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Rhizobium Inoculants
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Mycorrhizal Fungi
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria
                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Biopesticides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Microbial Pesticides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Biochemical Pesticides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Plant-incorporated Protectants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Industrial Biotechnology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Biofuel Production
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. First-generation Biofuels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Bioethanol from Starch
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Biodiesel from Vegetable Oils
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Production Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Second-generation Biofuels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Cellulosic Ethanol
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Lignocellulose Processing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Enzyme Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Third-generation Biofuels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Algae-based Fuels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Microbial Fuel Production
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Biogas Production
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Anaerobic Digestion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Methane Recovery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Waste-to-energy Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Industrial Enzyme Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Food Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Brewing Enzymes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Baking Enzymes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Dairy Processing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Fruit Juice Processing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Detergent Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Proteases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Lipases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Amylases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Cellulases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Textile Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Bio-scouring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Bio-polishing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Denim Processing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Paper Industry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Pulp Bleaching
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Deinking
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Fiber Modification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Biomaterial Production
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Bioplastics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. PHA Production
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. PLA Synthesis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Starch-based Plastics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Bio-based Chemicals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Organic Acids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Amino Acids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Vitamins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Biomineralization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  3. Bioprocess Engineering
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Fermentation Technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Aerobic Fermentation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Anaerobic Fermentation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Solid-state Fermentation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Bioreactor Design
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Stirred Tank Reactors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Airlift Reactors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Packed Bed Reactors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Membrane Bioreactors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Process Optimization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Media Optimization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Environmental Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Scale-up Strategies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Downstream Processing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Cell Separation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Product Recovery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Purification Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Formulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Environmental Biotechnology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Bioremediation Technologies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Organic Pollutant Degradation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Hydrocarbon Degradation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Pesticide Breakdown
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Chlorinated Compound Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Heavy Metal Remediation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Bioaccumulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Biosorption
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Bioleaching
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Oil Spill Cleanup
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Marine Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Soil Remediation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Microbial Consortia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Waste Treatment Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Wastewater Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Primary Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Secondary Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Tertiary Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Sludge Processing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Solid Waste Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Composting Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Anaerobic Digestion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Landfill Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Air Pollution Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Biofilters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Bioscrubbers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Biotrickling Filters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Environmental Monitoring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Bioindicators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Microbial Indicators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Plant Biomarkers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Animal Sentinels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Biosensor Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Water Quality Monitoring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Air Quality Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Soil Contamination Detection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Forensic Biotechnology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. DNA Profiling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. STR Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. CODIS Markers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Electrophoretic Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Statistical Interpretation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Mitochondrial DNA Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Maternal Lineage Tracing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Degraded Sample Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Y-chromosome Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Paternal Lineage Tracing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Male-specific Markers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Sample Processing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Evidence Collection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. DNA Extraction Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Contamination Prevention
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Chain of Custody
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Database Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. CODIS Database
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. International Databases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Privacy Considerations

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Go to top

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        4. Regulatory and Ethical Considerations