Bioengineering

  1. Core Bioengineering Principles
    1. Biomechanics
      1. Solid Biomechanics
        1. Stress and Strain
          1. Normal Stress
            1. Shear Stress
              1. Strain Components
                1. Stress-Strain Relationships
                2. Constitutive Laws
                  1. Hooke's Law
                    1. Nonlinear Material Behavior
                      1. Viscoelastic Models
                        1. Hyperelastic Models
                        2. Mechanical Properties of Tissues
                          1. Elasticity
                            1. Young's Modulus
                              1. Poisson's Ratio
                                1. Bulk Modulus
                                2. Viscoelasticity
                                  1. Creep
                                    1. Stress Relaxation
                                      1. Dynamic Properties
                                      2. Plasticity
                                        1. Yield Strength
                                          1. Ultimate Strength
                                            1. Failure Mechanisms
                                          2. Hard Tissues
                                            1. Bone Structure and Mechanics
                                              1. Cortical Bone
                                                1. Trabecular Bone
                                                  1. Bone Remodeling
                                                    1. Fracture Mechanics
                                                    2. Teeth Structure and Mechanics
                                                      1. Enamel Properties
                                                        1. Dentin Properties
                                                          1. Pulp Structure
                                                        2. Soft Tissues
                                                          1. Skin Mechanics
                                                            1. Epidermis
                                                              1. Dermis
                                                                1. Mechanical Testing
                                                                2. Muscle Mechanics
                                                                  1. Skeletal Muscle
                                                                    1. Cardiac Muscle
                                                                      1. Smooth Muscle
                                                                        1. Force-Length Relationships
                                                                        2. Cartilage Mechanics
                                                                          1. Articular Cartilage
                                                                            1. Fibrocartilage
                                                                              1. Elastic Cartilage
                                                                                1. Biphasic Theory
                                                                            2. Fluid Biomechanics
                                                                              1. Biofluid Dynamics
                                                                                1. Principles of Fluid Flow in the Body
                                                                                  1. Conservation Laws
                                                                                    1. Boundary Conditions
                                                                                      1. Flow Patterns
                                                                                      2. Hemodynamics
                                                                                        1. Cardiac Output
                                                                                          1. Vascular Resistance
                                                                                            1. Blood Pressure
                                                                                          2. Blood Flow and Rheology
                                                                                            1. Blood Composition and Properties
                                                                                              1. Plasma Properties
                                                                                                1. Cellular Components
                                                                                                  1. Hematocrit Effects
                                                                                                  2. Non-Newtonian Flow
                                                                                                    1. Shear-Thinning Behavior
                                                                                                      1. Yield Stress
                                                                                                        1. Thixotropy
                                                                                                        2. Microcirculation
                                                                                                          1. Capillary Flow
                                                                                                            1. Cell Deformation
                                                                                                              1. Oxygen Transport
                                                                                                            2. Airflow in Lungs
                                                                                                              1. Airway Structure
                                                                                                                1. Conducting Airways
                                                                                                                  1. Respiratory Zone
                                                                                                                    1. Branching Patterns
                                                                                                                    2. Mechanics of Breathing
                                                                                                                      1. Inspiration
                                                                                                                        1. Expiration
                                                                                                                          1. Respiratory Muscles
                                                                                                                          2. Gas Transport and Exchange
                                                                                                                            1. Diffusion
                                                                                                                              1. Convection
                                                                                                                                1. Ventilation-Perfusion Matching
                                                                                                                            2. Cellular and Molecular Biomechanics
                                                                                                                              1. Cytoskeletal Mechanics
                                                                                                                                1. Actin Filaments
                                                                                                                                  1. Structure and Assembly
                                                                                                                                    1. Mechanical Properties
                                                                                                                                      1. Motor Proteins
                                                                                                                                      2. Microtubules
                                                                                                                                        1. Structure and Dynamics
                                                                                                                                          1. Mechanical Properties
                                                                                                                                            1. Intracellular Transport
                                                                                                                                            2. Intermediate Filaments
                                                                                                                                              1. Types and Distribution
                                                                                                                                                1. Mechanical Properties
                                                                                                                                                  1. Cellular Functions
                                                                                                                                                2. Cell Adhesion and Motility
                                                                                                                                                  1. Cell-Cell Adhesion
                                                                                                                                                    1. Adherens Junctions
                                                                                                                                                      1. Tight Junctions
                                                                                                                                                        1. Gap Junctions
                                                                                                                                                        2. Cell-Extracellular Matrix Adhesion
                                                                                                                                                          1. Integrins
                                                                                                                                                            1. Focal Adhesions
                                                                                                                                                              1. ECM Components
                                                                                                                                                              2. Mechanisms of Cell Movement
                                                                                                                                                                1. Lamellipodia
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Filopodia
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Cell Migration
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Mechanotransduction
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Mechanosensitive Proteins
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Ion Channels
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Integrins
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Cadherins
                                                                                                                                                                          2. Signal Transduction Pathways
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Force-Induced Signaling
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Calcium Signaling
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Gene Expression Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Cellular Responses to Mechanical Stimuli
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Proliferation
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Differentiation
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Apoptosis
                                                                                                                                                                                3. Biotransport Phenomena
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Mass Transfer in Biological Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Diffusion
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Fick's Laws
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. First Law
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Second Law
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Steady-State Diffusion
                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Diffusion in Tissues
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Effective Diffusivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Tortuosity
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Porosity Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Convection
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Bulk Flow in Blood
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Convective Transport
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Dispersion
                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Bulk Flow in Lymph
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Lymphatic Circulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Interstitial Flow
                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Membrane Transport
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Passive Transport
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Simple Diffusion
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Osmosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Filtration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Active Transport
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Primary Active Transport
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Secondary Active Transport
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. ATP-Dependent Pumps
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Facilitated Diffusion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Carrier Proteins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Channel Proteins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Saturation Kinetics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Oxygen and Nutrient Transport
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Oxygen Transport in Blood
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Hemoglobin Binding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Tissue Oxygenation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Nutrient Uptake by Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Glucose Transport
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Amino Acid Transport
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Lipid Transport
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Heat Transfer in Biological Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Bioheat Transfer Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Pennes' Equation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Heat Sources and Sinks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Boundary Conditions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Thermal Conductivity of Tissues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Tissue-Specific Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Temperature Dependence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Measurement Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Heat Generation in the Body
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Metabolic Heat Production
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Exercise-Induced Heat
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Pathological Heat Generation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Thermal Regulation in the Body
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Thermoregulatory Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Vasodilation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Vasoconstriction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Sweating
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Shivering
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Fever and Hypothermia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Fever Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Hypothermia Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Temperature Monitoring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Therapeutic Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Hyperthermia Therapy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Cancer Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Temperature Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Treatment Planning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Cryotherapy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Tissue Freezing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Cryoprotectants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Thermal Ablation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Radiofrequency Ablation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Microwave Ablation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Laser Ablation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  3. Biomaterials Science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Classes of Biomaterials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Metals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Stainless Steel
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Composition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Titanium Alloys
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Ti-6Al-4V
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Pure Titanium
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Biocompatibility
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Cobalt-Chromium Alloys
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Composition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Wear Resistance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Ceramics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Alumina
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Manufacturing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Zirconia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Phase Transformations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Toughening Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Dental Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Bioactive Glasses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Composition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Bioactivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Bone Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Polymers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Natural Polymers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Collagen
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Chitosan
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Hyaluronic Acid
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Synthetic Polymers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Polyethylene
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Polypropylene
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Silicones
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Biodegradable Polymers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Composites
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Polymer-Ceramic Composites
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Reinforcement Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Interface Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Polymer-Metal Composites
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Metal Fibers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Particulate Reinforcement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    3. Biocompatibility
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Host Response to Biomaterials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Acute Inflammation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Inflammatory Cascade
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Cellular Response
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Resolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Chronic Inflammation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Persistent Inflammation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Granuloma Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Tissue Damage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Immune Response
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Innate Immunity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Adaptive Immunity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Hypersensitivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Inflammation and Foreign Body Response
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Foreign Body Giant Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Formation Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Cellular Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Fibrous Encapsulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Capsule Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Thickness Factors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Long-term Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Blood-Material Interactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Thrombosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Coagulation Cascade
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Platelet Activation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Thrombus Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Hemocompatibility
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Hemolysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Complement Activation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Testing Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Biodegradation and Bioresorption
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Degradation Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Hydrolytic Degradation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Enzymatic Degradation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Oxidative Degradation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Testing Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. In Vitro Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. In Vivo Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Accelerated Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Material Characterization Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Mechanical Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Tensile Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Stress-Strain Curves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Elastic Modulus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Ultimate Strength
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Compression Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Compressive Strength
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Modulus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Failure Modes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Fatigue Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Cyclic Loading
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. S-N Curves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Fatigue Life
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Surface Characterization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Microscopy Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Optical Microscopy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Electron Microscopy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Atomic Force Microscopy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Spectroscopy Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Infrared Spectroscopy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Raman Spectroscopy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Chemical Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Chromatography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Gas Chromatography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Liquid Chromatography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Ion Chromatography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Mass Spectrometry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Ionization Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Mass Analyzers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Biological Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Cytotoxicity Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Cell Viability Assays
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Direct Contact Tests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Extract Tests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Hemocompatibility Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Hemolysis Tests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Thrombogenicity Tests
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Complement Activation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            3. Bioinstrumentation and Biosensors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Principles of Measurement Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Sensors and Transducers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Sensor Types
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Transduction Principles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Sensor Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Signal Conditioning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Amplification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Filtering
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Analog-to-Digital Conversion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Data Acquisition Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Sampling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Digitization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Data Storage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Biopotential Electrodes and Amplifiers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Electrode Types and Placement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Surface Electrodes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Needle Electrodes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Implantable Electrodes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Electrode-Skin Interface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Amplifier Design and Noise Reduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Differential Amplifiers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Common Mode Rejection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Noise Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Shielding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Electrocardiography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. ECG Principles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Lead Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Waveform Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Arrhythmia Detection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Electroencephalography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. EEG Principles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Electrode Placement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Brain Wave Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Signal Processing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Electromyography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. EMG Principles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Muscle Activation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Signal Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Clinical Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Biosensor Design
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Biorecognition Elements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Enzymes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Enzyme Selection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Immobilization Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Stability Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Antibodies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Monoclonal Antibodies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Polyclonal Antibodies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Binding Kinetics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. DNA Probes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Oligonucleotides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Hybridization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Specificity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Transduction Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Electrochemical Transducers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Potentiometric
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Amperometric
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Conductometric
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Optical Transducers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Fluorescence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Absorbance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Surface Plasmon Resonance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Piezoelectric Transducers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Quartz Crystal Microbalance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Surface Acoustic Wave
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Mass Sensitivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Sensor Calibration and Validation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Calibration Curves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Sensitivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Selectivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Stability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Medical Imaging Principles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. X-ray Imaging
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. X-ray Generation and Detection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. X-ray Tube
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. X-ray Detectors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Image Receptors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Image Formation and Contrast
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Attenuation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Contrast Agents
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Image Quality
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Computed Tomography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. CT Scanner Components
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. X-ray Source
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Detector Array
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Gantry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Image Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Filtered Back Projection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Iterative Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. 3D Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Magnetic Resonance Imaging
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Principles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Magnetic Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Relaxation Times
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Signal Generation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. MRI Hardware and Sequences
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Magnets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Gradient Coils
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Pulse Sequences
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Ultrasound Imaging
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Acoustic Properties of Tissues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Sound Speed
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Acoustic Impedance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Attenuation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Transducer Design
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Piezoelectric Materials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Beam Focusing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Frequency Selection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Image Modes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. A-mode
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. B-mode
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Doppler Imaging
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Nuclear Medicine
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Positron Emission Tomography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Positron Annihilation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Coincidence Detection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Image Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Gamma Camera
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Collimation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Tomographic Reconstruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Radiotracers and Detection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Radiopharmaceuticals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Detector Types
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Imaging Protocols

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        3. Computational and Systems Bioengineering