Biochemistry

  1. Structure and Function of Biomolecules
    1. Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins
      1. Amino Acids
        1. General Structure
          1. Amino Group
            1. Carboxyl Group
              1. Side Chain (R Group)
                1. Alpha Carbon
                2. Zwitterion Formation
                  1. Ionization States
                    1. pH Effects
                    2. Classification by Side Chain Properties
                      1. Nonpolar Aliphatic
                        1. Glycine
                          1. Alanine
                            1. Valine
                              1. Leucine
                                1. Isoleucine
                                  1. Proline
                                  2. Aromatic
                                    1. Phenylalanine
                                      1. Tyrosine
                                        1. Tryptophan
                                        2. Polar Uncharged
                                          1. Serine
                                            1. Threonine
                                              1. Cysteine
                                                1. Methionine
                                                  1. Asparagine
                                                    1. Glutamine
                                                    2. Positively Charged
                                                      1. Lysine
                                                        1. Arginine
                                                          1. Histidine
                                                          2. Negatively Charged
                                                            1. Aspartate
                                                              1. Glutamate
                                                            2. Stereochemistry
                                                              1. L- and D- Isomers
                                                                1. Chirality
                                                                  1. Optical Activity
                                                                  2. Titration Curves
                                                                    1. Ionizable Groups
                                                                      1. Isoelectric Point (pI)
                                                                        1. Buffering Regions
                                                                      2. Peptides
                                                                        1. The Peptide Bond
                                                                          1. Formation Mechanism
                                                                            1. Planarity
                                                                              1. Resonance
                                                                                1. Cis and Trans Configurations
                                                                                  1. Partial Double Bond Character
                                                                                  2. Peptide Structure
                                                                                    1. N-terminus
                                                                                      1. C-terminus
                                                                                        1. Peptide Backbone
                                                                                        2. Peptide Sequencing
                                                                                          1. Edman Degradation
                                                                                            1. Mass Spectrometry
                                                                                          2. Protein Structure Hierarchy
                                                                                            1. Primary Structure
                                                                                              1. Amino Acid Sequence
                                                                                                1. Peptide Sequencing Methods
                                                                                                  1. Sequence Databases
                                                                                                  2. Secondary Structure
                                                                                                    1. Alpha Helix
                                                                                                      1. Hydrogen Bonding Pattern
                                                                                                        1. Helix Parameters
                                                                                                          1. Helix Dipole
                                                                                                            1. Amino Acid Preferences
                                                                                                            2. Beta Sheet
                                                                                                              1. Parallel Sheets
                                                                                                                1. Antiparallel Sheets
                                                                                                                  1. Hydrogen Bonding Pattern
                                                                                                                    1. Amino Acid Preferences
                                                                                                                    2. Turns and Loops
                                                                                                                      1. Beta Turns
                                                                                                                        1. Gamma Turns
                                                                                                                          1. Hairpin Loops
                                                                                                                          2. Random Coil
                                                                                                                          3. Tertiary Structure
                                                                                                                            1. Forces Stabilizing Tertiary Structure
                                                                                                                              1. Hydrophobic Interactions
                                                                                                                                1. Disulfide Bonds
                                                                                                                                  1. Ionic Interactions
                                                                                                                                    1. Hydrogen Bonds
                                                                                                                                      1. Van der Waals Forces
                                                                                                                                      2. Protein Domains
                                                                                                                                        1. Structural Domains
                                                                                                                                          1. Functional Domains
                                                                                                                                          2. Structural Motifs
                                                                                                                                            1. Helix-Turn-Helix
                                                                                                                                              1. Zinc Finger
                                                                                                                                                1. Leucine Zipper
                                                                                                                                                  1. Beta Barrel
                                                                                                                                                2. Quaternary Structure
                                                                                                                                                  1. Subunit Interactions
                                                                                                                                                    1. Oligomeric Proteins
                                                                                                                                                      1. Symmetry in Protein Complexes
                                                                                                                                                        1. Allosteric Effects
                                                                                                                                                      2. Protein Folding
                                                                                                                                                        1. Folding Pathways
                                                                                                                                                          1. Folding Funnel
                                                                                                                                                            1. Energy Landscapes
                                                                                                                                                              1. Kinetic vs Thermodynamic Control
                                                                                                                                                              2. Molecular Chaperones
                                                                                                                                                                1. Hsp70 Family
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Chaperonins
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Role in Preventing Aggregation
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Co-chaperones
                                                                                                                                                                      2. Protein Misfolding
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Aggregation
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Amyloid Formation
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Prion Diseases
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Inclusion Bodies
                                                                                                                                                                            2. Protein Denaturation
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Chemical Denaturants
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Heat Denaturation
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. pH Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Reversibility
                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Protein Function Categories
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Fibrous Proteins
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Collagen
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Triple Helix Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Hydroxyproline Role
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Cross-linking
                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Keratin
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Alpha-keratin Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Elastin
                                                                                                                                                                                                3. Globular Proteins
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Enzymes
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Transport Proteins
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Storage Proteins
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Hormonal Proteins
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Receptor Proteins
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Contractile Proteins
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Defensive Proteins
                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Membrane Proteins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Integral Proteins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Peripheral Proteins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Transmembrane Proteins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Myoglobin and Hemoglobin
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Myoglobin Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Heme Group
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Globin Fold
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Oxygen Binding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Hemoglobin Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Quaternary Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Alpha and Beta Subunits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Heme Groups
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Oxygen Binding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Oxygen Binding Curves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Cooperative Binding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Hill Coefficient
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Allosteric Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Bohr Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. BPG Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. T and R States
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Carbohydrates and Glycobiology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Monosaccharides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Classification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Aldoses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Ketoses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Trioses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Tetroses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Pentoses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Hexoses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Stereochemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. D- and L- Configurations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Enantiomers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Epimers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Fischer Projections
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Cyclic Structures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Hemiacetal Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Hemiketal Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Pyranose Forms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Furanose Forms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Haworth Projections
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Chair Conformations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Anomers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Alpha Anomers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Beta Anomers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Mutarotation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Anomeric Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Important Monosaccharides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Glucose
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Fructose
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Galactose
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Ribose
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Deoxyribose
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Monosaccharide Derivatives
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Sugar Phosphates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Amino Sugars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Deoxy Sugars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Sugar Acids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Sugar Alcohols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Disaccharides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Glycosidic Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Alpha Linkages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Beta Linkages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. 1,4-Linkages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. 1,6-Linkages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Reducing and Nonreducing Sugars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Free Anomeric Carbon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Benedict's Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Common Disaccharides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Maltose
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Alpha-1,4-Glucose-Glucose
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Lactose
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Beta-1,4-Galactose-Glucose
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Sucrose
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Alpha-1,2-Glucose-Fructose
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Cellobiose
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Trehalose
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            3. Polysaccharides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Homopolysaccharides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Starch
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Amylose Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Amylopectin Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Alpha-1,4 and Alpha-1,6 Linkages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Glycogen
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Branching Pattern
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Storage Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Cellulose
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Beta-1,4 Linkages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Structural Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Hydrogen Bonding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Chitin
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. N-acetylglucosamine Units
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Structural Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Heteropolysaccharides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Glycosaminoglycans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Hyaluronic Acid
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Chondroitin Sulfate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Heparin
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Peptidoglycans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Glycoconjugates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Proteoglycans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Core Protein
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. GAG Chains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Extracellular Matrix Role
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Glycoproteins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. N-linked Glycosylation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. O-linked Glycosylation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Glycoprotein Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Glycolipids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Cerebrosides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Gangliosides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Membrane Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Lipids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Classification of Lipids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Fatty Acids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Glycerolipids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Glycerophospholipids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Sphingolipids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Sterols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Prenol Lipids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Fatty Acids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Structure and Nomenclature
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Saturated Fatty Acids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Unsaturated Fatty Acids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Cis and Trans Isomers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Delta Nomenclature
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Omega Nomenclature
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Common Fatty Acids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Palmitic Acid
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Stearic Acid
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Oleic Acid
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Linoleic Acid
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Arachidonic Acid
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Physical Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Melting Points
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Solubility
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Storage Lipids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Triacylglycerols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Energy Storage Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Adipose Tissue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Waxes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Protective Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Structural Lipids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Glycerophospholipids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Phosphatidylcholine
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Phosphatidylethanolamine
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Phosphatidylserine
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Phosphatidylinositol
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Cardiolipin
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Amphipathic Nature
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Sphingolipids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Sphingosine Backbone
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Ceramides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Sphingomyelins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Glycosphingolipids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Cerebrosides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Gangliosides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Sterols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Cholesterol Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Membrane Role
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Steroid Hormones
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Biological Membranes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Membrane Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Fluid Mosaic Model
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Lipid Bilayer
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Asymmetry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Membrane Proteins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Integral Proteins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Peripheral Proteins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Lipid-Anchored Proteins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Transmembrane Proteins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Membrane Dynamics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Lateral Diffusion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Transverse Diffusion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Membrane Fluidity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Factors Affecting Fluidity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Lipid Rafts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Transport Across Membranes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Passive Transport
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Simple Diffusion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Facilitated Diffusion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Active Transport
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Primary Active Transport
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Secondary Active Transport
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Channel Proteins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Carrier Proteins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Pumps
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          3. Nucleic Acids and Nucleotides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Nucleotides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Components
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Phosphate Groups
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Pentose Sugars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Ribose
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Deoxyribose
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Nitrogenous Bases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Purines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Adenine
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Guanine
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Pyrimidines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Cytosine
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Thymine
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Uracil
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Nomenclature
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Nucleosides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Nucleotides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Naming Conventions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Functions of Nucleotides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Energy Carriers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. ATP
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. GTP
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Second Messengers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. cAMP
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. cGMP
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Coenzymes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. NAD+
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. NADP+
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. FAD
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Coenzyme A
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Nucleic Acid Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Primary Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Phosphodiester Bonds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. 5' to 3' Directionality
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Sugar-Phosphate Backbone
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. DNA Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Double Helix
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Watson-Crick Model
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Base Pairing Rules
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Antiparallel Strands
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Major and Minor Grooves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. DNA Forms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. B-DNA
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. A-DNA
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Z-DNA
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. RNA Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Single-Stranded
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Secondary Structures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Base Pairing in RNA
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Types of RNA
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Transfer RNA (tRNA)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Small Nuclear RNA (snRNA)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. MicroRNA (miRNA)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Small Interfering RNA (siRNA)

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Foundations of Biochemistry

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      3. Enzymes