Behavioral Biology (Ethology)

5.

Evolutionary History and Phylogeny of Behavior

5.1.

Reconstructing Behavioral Phylogenies

5.1.1.

Methods for Inferring Ancestral Behaviors

5.1.2.

Mapping Behavior onto Phylogenetic Trees

5.1.3.

Parsimony Analysis

5.1.4.

Maximum Likelihood Methods

5.2.

Comparative Analysis of Behavior

5.2.1.

Identifying Homologous and Analogous Behaviors

5.2.2.

Phylogenetic Independent Contrasts

5.2.3.

Phylogenetic Generalized Least Squares

5.2.4.

Ancestral State Reconstruction

5.3.

Behavioral Macroevolution

5.3.1.

Rates of Behavioral Evolution

5.3.2.

Behavioral Innovations

5.3.3.

Evolutionary Constraints on Behavior

5.4.

Coevolution of Behavior

5.4.1.

Predator-Prey Arms Races

5.4.1.1.

Escalation and Counteradaptations

5.4.1.2.

Red Queen Hypothesis

5.4.2.

Host-Parasite Interactions

5.4.2.1.

Manipulation of Host Behavior

5.4.2.2.

Extended Phenotypes

5.4.3.

Plant-Pollinator Interactions

5.4.3.1.

Coadaptations in Signaling and Reward

5.4.3.2.

Pollination Syndromes

5.4.4.

Mutualistic Coevolution

5.4.4.1.

Cleaning Symbioses

5.4.4.2.

Seed Dispersal Mutualisms

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4. Ultimate Causes of Behavior: Reproduction and Sociality

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6. Behavioral Ecology and Environmental Interactions