Behavioral Biology (Ethology)

  1. Ultimate Causes of Behavior: Survival
    1. Foraging Behavior
      1. Locating Food
        1. Sensory Cues in Foraging
          1. Search Strategies
          2. Food Selection
            1. Nutritional Requirements
              1. Avoidance of Toxins
                1. Prey Choice
                  1. Food Quality Assessment
                  2. Optimal Foraging Theory
                    1. Principles of Optimality
                      1. Diet Breadth Model
                        1. Specialist vs. Generalist Strategies
                          1. Prey Profitability
                          2. Patch Choice Model
                            1. Marginal Value Theorem
                              1. Patch Residence Time
                              2. Central Place Foraging
                                1. Constraints on Optimal Foraging
                                  1. Predation Risk
                                    1. Competition
                                      1. Environmental Variability
                                        1. Information Limitations
                                      2. Group Foraging
                                        1. Information Sharing
                                          1. Producer-Scrounger Dynamics
                                            1. Cooperative Hunting
                                          2. Antipredator Behavior
                                            1. Avoiding Detection
                                              1. Crypsis and Camouflage
                                                1. Background Matching
                                                  1. Disruptive Coloration
                                                    1. Countershading
                                                    2. Masquerade
                                                      1. Mimicry of Inanimate Objects
                                                      2. Behavioral Crypsis
                                                        1. Freezing Behavior
                                                          1. Activity Timing
                                                        2. Encountering Predators
                                                          1. Aposematism (Warning Coloration)
                                                            1. Chemical Defenses
                                                              1. Learned Avoidance by Predators
                                                                1. Signal Honesty
                                                                2. Mimicry
                                                                  1. Batesian Mimicry
                                                                    1. Non-toxic Species Mimicking Toxic Species
                                                                      1. Model-Mimic Dynamics
                                                                      2. Müllerian Mimicry
                                                                        1. Mutualistic Mimicry among Toxic Species
                                                                        2. Aggressive Mimicry
                                                                        3. Startle Displays
                                                                          1. Sudden Movements or Sounds
                                                                            1. Eyespots and False Heads
                                                                            2. Mobbing Behavior
                                                                              1. Group Defense Strategies
                                                                                1. Recruitment Mechanisms
                                                                                2. Alarm Calls
                                                                                  1. Signal Function and Information Content
                                                                                    1. Audience Effects
                                                                                      1. Referential Signals
                                                                                    2. Escape Responses
                                                                                      1. Flight Responses
                                                                                        1. Protean Behavior
                                                                                          1. Refuge Use
                                                                                        2. Habitat Selection and Spatial Behavior
                                                                                          1. Habitat Choice
                                                                                            1. Environmental Cues
                                                                                              1. Habitat Quality Assessment
                                                                                                1. Ideal Free Distribution
                                                                                                  1. Resource Matching
                                                                                                    1. Competitive Exclusion
                                                                                                    2. Ideal Despotic Distribution
                                                                                                    3. Territoriality
                                                                                                      1. Types of Territories
                                                                                                        1. All-purpose Territories
                                                                                                          1. Feeding Territories
                                                                                                            1. Mating Territories
                                                                                                            2. Economics of Territorial Defense
                                                                                                              1. Cost-Benefit Analysis
                                                                                                                1. Territory Size Optimization
                                                                                                                2. Resource Holding Potential
                                                                                                                  1. Assessment of Competitors
                                                                                                                    1. Asymmetric Contests
                                                                                                                    2. Territorial Signals
                                                                                                                      1. Scent Marking
                                                                                                                        1. Vocalizations
                                                                                                                          1. Visual Displays
                                                                                                                        2. Migration and Dispersal
                                                                                                                          1. Types of Migration
                                                                                                                            1. Seasonal Migration
                                                                                                                              1. Altitudinal Migration
                                                                                                                                1. Nomadism
                                                                                                                                  1. Irruptive Migration
                                                                                                                                  2. Costs and Benefits of Migration
                                                                                                                                    1. Energetic Costs
                                                                                                                                      1. Predation Risk
                                                                                                                                        1. Breeding Opportunities
                                                                                                                                        2. Dispersal Strategies
                                                                                                                                          1. Natal Dispersal
                                                                                                                                            1. Breeding Dispersal
                                                                                                                                              1. Sex-biased Dispersal

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                                                                                                                                        2. Proximate Mechanisms of Behavior

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                                                                                                                                        4. Ultimate Causes of Behavior: Reproduction and Sociality