Aviation and Flight Principles

8.

Flight Instruments and Navigation Systems

8.1.

Pitot-Static System

8.1.1.

System Components and Operation

8.1.1.1.

8.1.1.1.1.

Total Pressure Measurement

8.1.1.1.2.

Pitot Tube Design

8.1.1.1.3.

Heating Systems

8.1.1.2.

8.1.1.2.1.

Static Pressure Measurement

8.1.1.2.2.

Port Location Effects

8.1.1.2.3.

Alternate Static Source

8.1.1.3.

Pitot-Static Plumbing

8.1.1.3.1.

8.1.1.3.2.

8.1.1.3.3.

Blockage Effects

8.1.2.

Airspeed Indication

8.1.2.1.

Airspeed Indicator Operation

8.1.2.1.1.

Differential Pressure Measurement

8.1.2.1.2.

Instrument Mechanism

8.1.2.1.3.

8.1.2.2.

Types of Airspeed

8.1.2.2.1.

Indicated Airspeed

8.1.2.2.1.1.

Direct Instrument Reading

8.1.2.2.1.2.

Instrument Errors

8.1.2.2.2.

Calibrated Airspeed

8.1.2.2.2.1.

Position Error Correction

8.1.2.2.2.2.

Installation Effects

8.1.2.2.3.

8.1.2.2.3.1.

Density Correction

8.1.2.2.3.2.

Temperature Effects

8.1.2.2.4.

Equivalent Airspeed

8.1.2.2.4.1.

Compressibility Correction

8.1.2.2.5.

8.1.2.2.5.1.

Wind Effect Inclusion

8.1.2.3.

Airspeed Limitations

8.1.2.3.1.

Never Exceed Speed

8.1.2.3.2.

Maximum Structural Cruising Speed

8.1.2.3.3.

Maneuvering Speed

8.1.2.3.4.

Flap Operating Speeds

8.1.3.

Altitude Measurement

8.1.3.1.

Altimeter Operation

8.1.3.1.1.

Aneroid Barometer Principle

8.1.3.1.2.

Pressure Altitude Indication

8.1.3.1.3.

Barometric Setting

8.1.3.2.

Types of Altitude

8.1.3.2.1.

Indicated Altitude

8.1.3.2.2.

Pressure Altitude

8.1.3.2.3.

Density Altitude

8.1.3.2.4.

8.1.3.2.5.

Absolute Altitude

8.1.3.3.

Altimeter Settings

8.1.3.3.1.

Standard Setting

8.1.3.3.2.

Local Barometric Pressure

8.1.3.3.3.

Setting Procedures

8.1.3.4.

Altimeter Errors

8.1.3.4.1.

Instrument Error

8.1.3.4.2.

8.1.3.4.3.

Temperature Error

8.1.4.

Vertical Speed Indication

8.1.4.1.

Vertical Speed Indicator Operation

8.1.4.1.1.

Rate of Pressure Change

8.1.4.1.2.

Calibrated Leak

8.1.4.1.3.

Lag Characteristics

8.1.4.2.

VSI Limitations

8.1.4.2.1.

Lag in Indication

8.1.4.2.2.

Turbulence Effects

8.1.4.2.3.

Accuracy Considerations

8.1.4.3.

Instantaneous VSI

8.1.4.3.1.

Accelerometer Assistance

8.1.4.3.2.

Improved Response

8.2.

Gyroscopic Flight Instruments

8.2.1.

Gyroscopic Principles

8.2.1.1.

Gyroscope Properties

8.2.1.1.1.

Rigidity in Space

8.2.1.1.2.

8.2.1.1.3.

8.2.1.2.

Gyroscope Power Sources

8.2.1.2.1.

8.2.1.2.2.

Electric Motors

8.2.1.2.3.

Pressure Systems

8.2.2.

Attitude Indication

8.2.2.1.

Attitude Indicator Operation

8.2.2.1.1.

Gyroscope Orientation

8.2.2.1.2.

Gimbal Arrangement

8.2.2.1.3.

Display Interpretation

8.2.2.2.

Attitude Indicator Limitations

8.2.2.2.1.

8.2.2.2.2.

Precession Errors

8.2.2.2.3.

Power Failure Effects

8.2.2.3.

Electronic Attitude Indicators

8.2.2.3.1.

Solid State Systems

8.2.2.3.2.

AHRS Integration

8.2.3.

Heading Indication

8.2.3.1.

Heading Indicator Operation

8.2.3.1.1.

Directional Gyroscope

8.2.3.1.2.

Compass Rose Display

8.2.3.1.3.

8.2.3.2.

Heading Indicator Limitations

8.2.3.2.1.

Precession Errors

8.2.3.2.2.

Periodic Resetting

8.2.3.2.3.

Latitude Effects

8.2.3.3.

Horizontal Situation Indicator

8.2.3.3.1.

Navigation Integration

8.2.3.3.2.

Course Deviation Display

8.2.4.

Turn and Bank Indication

8.2.4.1.

Turn Coordinator Operation

8.2.4.1.1.

8.2.4.1.2.

Turn Rate Display

8.2.4.1.3.

Inclinometer Function

8.2.4.2.

Turn and Slip Indicator

8.2.4.2.1.

Turn Needle Operation

8.2.4.2.2.

Ball Indication

8.2.4.2.3.

Coordination Monitoring

8.2.4.3.

Standard Rate Turns

8.2.4.3.1.

3-Degree per Second Rate

8.2.4.3.2.

Timing Considerations

8.3.

Magnetic Compass Systems

8.3.1.

Magnetic Compass Operation

8.3.1.1.

Earth's Magnetic Field

8.3.1.2.

Compass Card Alignment

8.3.1.3.

Magnetic Variation

8.3.1.4.

Magnetic Deviation

8.3.2.

8.3.2.1.

8.3.2.1.1.

8.3.2.1.2.

8.3.2.2.

8.3.2.2.1.

Aircraft Magnetic Fields

8.3.2.2.2.

8.3.2.2.3.

Deviation Cards

8.3.2.3.

8.3.2.3.1.

Magnetic Inclination

8.3.2.3.2.

Acceleration Errors

8.3.2.3.3.

8.3.3.

Compass Correction Procedures

8.3.3.1.

8.3.3.2.

Compass Rose Procedures

8.3.3.3.

Error Minimization

8.4.

Electronic Flight Instruments

8.4.1.

Primary Flight Display

8.4.1.1.

Integrated Display Systems

8.4.1.2.

Attitude and Flight Path

8.4.1.3.

Airspeed and Altitude Tapes

8.4.2.

Multi-Function Displays

8.4.2.1.

Navigation Information

8.4.2.2.

Weather Display

8.4.2.3.

Traffic Information

8.4.3.

Engine Indication Systems

8.4.3.1.

Parameter Monitoring

8.4.3.2.

8.4.3.3.

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7. Flight in Different Speed Regimes

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1. Introduction to Aviation and Flight