Aviation and Flight Principles

  1. Aircraft Performance
    1. Straight and Level Flight Performance
      1. Speed Limitations
        1. Minimum Speed
          1. Stall Speed Factors
            1. Configuration Effects
              1. Weight Effects
              2. Maximum Level Speed
                1. Power-Limited Speed
                  1. Structural Speed Limits
                    1. Never-Exceed Speed
                  2. Power Requirements
                    1. Power Required Curve
                      1. Power Available Curve
                        1. Minimum Power Speed
                          1. Maximum Endurance Speed
                          2. Range and Endurance
                            1. Maximum Range Conditions
                              1. Best Range Speed
                                1. Altitude Effects
                                  1. Weight Effects
                                  2. Maximum Endurance Conditions
                                    1. Best Endurance Speed
                                      1. Fuel Flow Considerations
                                      2. Factors Affecting Range
                                        1. Wind Effects
                                          1. Altitude Selection
                                            1. Weight Management
                                            2. Factors Affecting Endurance
                                              1. Power Setting
                                                1. Altitude Selection
                                                  1. Aircraft Configuration
                                              2. Climbing Flight Performance
                                                1. Climb Performance Parameters
                                                  1. Rate of Climb
                                                    1. Calculation Methods
                                                      1. Units of Measurement
                                                      2. Angle of Climb
                                                        1. Relationship to Rate of Climb
                                                          1. Gradient Calculations
                                                        2. Optimum Climb Speeds
                                                          1. Best Rate of Climb Speed
                                                            1. Maximum Rate of Climb
                                                              1. Time to Altitude
                                                                1. Excess Power Maximum
                                                                2. Best Angle of Climb Speed
                                                                  1. Maximum Angle of Climb
                                                                    1. Obstacle Clearance
                                                                      1. Excess Thrust Maximum
                                                                    2. Factors Affecting Climb Performance
                                                                      1. Aircraft Weight
                                                                        1. Weight-to-Power Ratio
                                                                          1. Density Altitude Effects
                                                                          2. Engine Power
                                                                            1. Power Available vs Required
                                                                              1. Altitude Effects on Power
                                                                              2. Environmental Conditions
                                                                                1. Temperature Effects
                                                                                  1. Wind Effects
                                                                                    1. Atmospheric Pressure
                                                                                  2. Service Ceiling
                                                                                    1. Absolute Ceiling
                                                                                      1. Service Ceiling Definition
                                                                                        1. Factors Determining Ceiling
                                                                                      2. Descending and Gliding Flight
                                                                                        1. Glide Performance
                                                                                          1. Glide Ratio
                                                                                            1. Definition and Calculation
                                                                                              1. L/D Ratio Relationship
                                                                                                1. Distance Calculations
                                                                                                2. Best Glide Speed
                                                                                                  1. Maximum L/D Speed
                                                                                                    1. Glide Distance Optimization
                                                                                                      1. Speed Variations Effects
                                                                                                    2. Powered Descent
                                                                                                      1. Descent Rate Control
                                                                                                        1. Power Settings
                                                                                                          1. Speed Management
                                                                                                          2. Factors Affecting Glide Performance
                                                                                                            1. Aircraft Weight
                                                                                                              1. Glide Angle Independence
                                                                                                                1. Glide Speed Effects
                                                                                                                2. Configuration Changes
                                                                                                                  1. Flap Effects
                                                                                                                    1. Landing Gear Effects
                                                                                                                    2. Environmental Factors
                                                                                                                      1. Wind Effects
                                                                                                                        1. Turbulence
                                                                                                                          1. Density Altitude
                                                                                                                      2. Turning Flight Performance
                                                                                                                        1. Turn Mechanics
                                                                                                                          1. Centripetal Force Requirements
                                                                                                                            1. Bank Angle Effects
                                                                                                                              1. Load Factor Calculations
                                                                                                                              2. Load Factor
                                                                                                                                1. Definition and Units
                                                                                                                                  1. Load Factor in Turns
                                                                                                                                    1. Bank Angle Relationship
                                                                                                                                      1. G-Force Experience
                                                                                                                                      2. Effects on Stall Speed
                                                                                                                                        1. Accelerated Stall Speed
                                                                                                                                          1. Maneuvering Speed
                                                                                                                                          2. Structural Load Limits
                                                                                                                                            1. Design Load Factors
                                                                                                                                              1. Ultimate Load Factors
                                                                                                                                            2. Coordinated Turns
                                                                                                                                              1. Proper Turn Technique
                                                                                                                                                1. Adverse Yaw
                                                                                                                                                  1. Causes of Adverse Yaw
                                                                                                                                                    1. Aileron Drag Differential
                                                                                                                                                    2. Rudder and Aileron Coordination
                                                                                                                                                      1. Proper Control Inputs
                                                                                                                                                        1. Turn Coordination
                                                                                                                                                      2. Uncoordinated Flight
                                                                                                                                                        1. Slipping Turns
                                                                                                                                                          1. Insufficient Rudder
                                                                                                                                                            1. Ball Position
                                                                                                                                                              1. Correction Techniques
                                                                                                                                                              2. Skidding Turns
                                                                                                                                                                1. Excessive Rudder
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Ball Position
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Correction Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Turn Performance Parameters
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Turning Radius
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Speed and Bank Angle Effects
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Calculation Methods
                                                                                                                                                                        2. Rate of Turn
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Angular Velocity
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Standard Rate Turns
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Factors Affecting Turn Rate
                                                                                                                                                                          2. Takeoff and Landing Performance
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Takeoff Performance
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Takeoff Phases
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Ground Roll
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Rotation
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Initial Climb
                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Takeoff Distance Factors
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Runway Length Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Aircraft Weight Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Density Altitude Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Wind Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Runway Surface Conditions
                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Takeoff Speeds
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Rotation Speed
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Liftoff Speed
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Safety Speeds
                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Obstacle Clearance
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. 50-Foot Obstacle
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Climb Gradient Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Landing Performance
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Landing Phases
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Approach
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Touchdown
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Ground Roll
                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Landing Distance Factors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Approach Speed Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Aircraft Weight Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Runway Surface Conditions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Braking Effectiveness
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Reverse Thrust Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Landing Speeds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Approach Speed
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Touchdown Speed
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Safety Margins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Ground Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Ground Effect Phenomenon
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Causes of Ground Effect
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Wingtip Vortex Reduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Induced Drag Reduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Effects on Takeoff
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Premature Liftoff
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Climb Performance Reduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Effects on Landing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Float Tendency
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Approach Speed Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Ground Effect Altitude
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. One Wingspan Rule
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Magnitude of Effects

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          3. Aerodynamics of Airfoils and Wings

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          5. Propulsion Systems